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1、动词的语气虚拟语气动词的语气虚拟语气张海张海一、语气的定义和种类l、语气:语气是动词的一种形式,它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2、语气的种类:(1)陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:We are not ready.我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!(2)祈使语气:表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:Open the door,please。请打开门。(3)虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:If I were you,I should
2、 study English.如果我是你,我就学英语了。May you succeed!祝您成功!二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如:If it doesn t rain tomorrow,we will go to the park.如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如:If he had seen you yesterday,he would have asked you about it.
3、如果他昨天见到你,他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你,因此也未能问你这件事。)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式(be 的过去式would/should/could/might+一般用 were)动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/should/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反动词过去式,should+动词原would/should/could/might+形,were to+动词原形动词原形注:主句中的 should 只用于 I、we,但在美国英语
4、中,should 常被 would 代替;从句中的 should可用于各种人称。l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:If my brother were here,everything would be all right.要是我哥哥在这儿,一切都没问题了。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:If you had taken my advice,you wouldnt(couldnt)have failed in the exam.如果你按照我的建议去做,你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:If it were Sunday tomorrow,I
5、 should(would,could,might)go to see my grandmother.如果明天是星期天,我就(可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening,they would not go out.如果今晚下雪,他们将不出去了。4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致(表示错综时间的虚拟语气),这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如:If you had listened to the doctor,youwould be all right now.如果你当初听了医生的话,身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去,主句动
6、作指现在)5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:(l)省略连词 if。在书面语中,如果虚拟条件从句中有were,had 或 should,可以把if 省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。例如:Should he come(If he should come),tell himto ring me up.他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。Were I you(If I were you),I would not do it.我要是你,就不做这事。(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来,而是通过介词短语来表示。如:Without air(If there were
7、not air),there would be no living things.如果没有空气的话,就不会有生物了。But for your help(If it hadnt been for your help)I couldnt have done it.要是没有你的帮助,我就不可能完成这件事。假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如:I was busy that day.OtherwiseI would have gone there with them.(If I hadnt been busy that day,I would have gone there withth
8、em.)我那天很忙,否则,我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话,我就);I would have finished the work,but I have been ill.(If I hadnt been ill,I would have finished thework.)我本来该完成这项工作的,但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话,我就会完成)6、省去条件从句或主句:表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略,但其含义仍可以推知。(1)省去条件从句。如:You could have washed your clothes yourself.你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了If you had w
9、anted to)(事实是:你自己没洗衣服,因为你不想洗。)(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如:If my grandmother were with me!如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。);If only she had not left!如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)三、虚拟语气的其他用法l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法:在It is important(strange,natural,necessary)that这类句型里,that 所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should 十动词原形”结构,表示某事是重要、奇怪、自然、必要等意义。如:It is
10、 important that every member(should)informhimself of these rules.重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法:(1)在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词 that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be 动词一般用 were)。如:I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道);2)表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用had 十过去分词。如:I wish(wi
11、shed)Ihadnt spent so much money.我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉);3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为would 十动词原形。此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如:I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止;I wish you would come soon.但愿你立刻来。(2)在 suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,command,request,desire 等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动
12、词用“should+动词原形”,表示建议、要求、命令等。如:I demandthat he(should)answer me immediately.我要求他立刻答复我。3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法(1)在带有 even if/even though 引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中,主句和从句都用虚拟语气,动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:Even if he had been ill,he would havegone t his office.即使生了病,他俩去办公室。(2)由 as if 或 as though 引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(
13、be 用 were)或“had 十过去分词”。如:He treated me as if I were a stranger.他那样对待我,好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.她谈论那部影片,就好像她确实看过一样。注:如果表示的事情可能会发生,那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。(3)在 in order that 或 so that 引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词多用“could 或 might(有时也用 should)+动词原形”。如:Mr green spoke slowly so tha
14、t his students could(might)hearclearly.格林先生说得很慢,好让学生听清楚。4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法:在 It is time(that)句型中,定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来,动词形式一般用过去式,意思是该干某事的时候了。如:It s(high)time we did our homework.我们该做作业了。5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌,或委婉的语气,常见于日常会话中。如:It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
15、你最好别太晚睡觉。(2)在一些习惯表达中。如:I would rather not tell you.我宁愿不告诉你。(3)用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿、但愿”,此时 may 须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。如:May you be happy!祝你快乐!May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。注意:运用条件句中的虚拟语气时,须注意的几个问题(1)当从句的主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词若是系动词be 时,可用 was 代替 were。但在倒装虚拟结构及 if I were you,as it were中,只能用 were。如:Were I ten years younger,
16、I would study abroad.要是我还年轻十岁的话,我会去国外学习。If I were you,I would try my best to grasp the chance.要是我是你的话,我要尽力抓住这次机会。(2)有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时,须区别对待。从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如:If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会使工程师了If they had informed us,we would n
17、ot come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如:If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反,而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如:If it had not been raining too much,the crops would be
18、growing much better.如果天不下太多的雨的话,庄家会长得更好。If he had been working hard,he would be working in the office now.要是他工作一直努力的话,他现在已进了办公室了。(3)当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had 时,if 可省略,而将were,should,had等词置于句首。如:Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。Were she here,she would agree with u
19、s.如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.如果她懂一些电脑知识的话,我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。(4)有时,句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件,而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如:I would have come to see you,but I was too busy.我本该来看你了,然而我太忙了。But for his help,we would be working now.要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。(5)有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句He would have finished it.他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam.你应该会通过这次考试了。
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