高中英语语法定语从句教案及练习.pdf

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1、高中英语语法教案及配套练习（十八高中英语语法教案及配套练习（十八)定语从句定语从句定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。18.118.1 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的

2、名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换）。例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the b

3、ook whose（of which）cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which,that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that 在句中作宾语）The package（which/that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。（which/that在句中作宾语）18.218

4、.2 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）关系副词 when,where,why 的含义相当于介词+which结构，因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用。例如：There are occasions when（on which）one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why（for which）he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们

5、帮助他的理由吗？2）that 代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when,where,why和介+which引导的定语从句，在口语中that 常被省略。例如：His father died the year（that/when/in which）he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place（that/where/in which）he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。及物动词和不及物动词A 有些动词只是及物动词;它们不可以单独用，后面必须跟宾语。F

6、alse:They always want after lunch.Right:They always want a cup of tea after lunch.False:He is sending now.Right:He is sending a letter now.-1-B 有些动词只是不及物动词；它们可以单独用，如果后面想接宾语，动词后面必须加上介词。Right:He is looking around.False:He is looking me.Right:He is looking at me.Right:He is listening carefully.False:He

7、 is listening the teacher carefully.Right:He is listening to the teacher carefully.C 有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词;但是有时候词义会改变。The customer is asking loudly.The customer is asking for you now.The customer is asking a question now.If you work hard,you will succeed.If you work hard,you will succeed in passing the

8、 exam(same meaning).If you work hard,you will succeed John as the manager of this company(different meaning).18.318.3 判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：判断改错：（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget t

9、he days when I spent in the countryside.（对）This is the mountain village（which）I visited last year.（对）Ill never forget the days（which）I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where,when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 2.Is this the museum _ the exhibiti

10、on was held.A.whereB.thatC.on whichD.the one答案：例 1 D，例 2 A例 2 变为肯定句：This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.而句 2 中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语(状语(adverbial)是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。)表地点，既可用副词 where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词 in+which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介

11、词on 用的不对，所以选 A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。18.518.5 介词介词+关系词关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that 前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的 介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。例如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子

12、。This is the house where I lived two years ago.-2-Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？Do you remember the day when you joined our club?18.6 as,which18.6 as,which 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句由 as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as 和 which 可代整个主句，相当于and this 或 and that。As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。例如：A

13、s we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。典型例题典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from her boss,_came as a surprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he答案 C.此为非限定性从句，不能用 that 修饰，而用which.，it 和 he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he 句意

14、不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it答案 B。which 可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而 what 不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it 不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to the park.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it答案 B.as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从

15、句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which 不可。（2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.。在本题中，prevent 由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。as 的用法例 1.the sameas；suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构,和一样。例如：I have got into the same trouble as he（has）.我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。例 2.as 可引导非限制性从句，常带

16、有正如。例如：As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。As is known,smoking is harmful to ones health.As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know 要用被动式。18.718.7 先行词和关系词二合一先行词和关系词二合一1）Whoever spits in public will be punished here.（Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）2）The parents will use wh

17、at they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用 all that 代替）18.8 what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever18.8 what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever1）what=the thing which；whatever=anything。例如：What you want has been sent here.你要的动词都送来了。Whatever you want makes no difference to me.不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。2

18、）who=the person thatwhoever=anyone who。例如：（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.王子犯法，与庶民同罪。（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.谁抢了银行还不清楚。3）that 和 what当 that 引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。-3-宾语从句和表语从句中的that

19、 常可省略。What 只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：I think（that）you will like the stamps.我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。What we need is more practice.我们需要的是更多的实践。18.918.9 关系代词关系代词 thatthat 的用法的用法1）不用 that 的情况a）引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：（错）The tree,that is four hundred years old,is very famous here.b）介词后不能用。例如：We depend on the land fr

20、om which we get our food.我们依赖土地获得食物。We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2）只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a）在 there be 句型中，只用 that，不用 which。b）在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用 that，不用 which。c）先行词有 the only,the very修饰时，只用 that。d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e）先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally,the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。-4-