(1.2.1)--01-2NationalBackbone–MasterXuanz.pdf

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1、Chapter1:ChangChapter1:Changanan andand ChineseChinese BuddhistBuddhist MonkMonkSectionSection 2:2:NationalNational BackboneBackbone MasterMaster XuanzangXuanzangIn the history of Changan and Chinese Buddhism There is a well-known celebrity Heis Master Xuanzang.Tang Seng originally was a general ter

2、m for the monks in Tang Dynasty.But due to theChinese Classic Journey to the West.When you mention this name,everyone in China willthink of the Tang monk,Xuanzang,who journeyed to the West indefatigably for Scriptures.Xuanzang is a great expert in Buddhism,traveling and translation.Mr.Zhao Puchu,the

3、former president of the Chinese Buddhist Association,praised that:H He e i is s t th he e m mo os st t t ty yp pi ic ca al l a an nd d p pe er rf fe ec ct t e em mb bo od di im me en nt t o of f t th he e p pr ro of fo ou un nd d t tr ra ad di it ti io on n o of f C Ch hi in ne es se eB Bu ud dd dh

4、hi is sm m i in n h hi is st to or ry y.(Z Zh ha ao o P Pu uc ch hu u:S Sp pe ee ec ch h a at t t th he e 1 1,3 30 00 0t th h a an nn ni iv ve er rs sa ar ry y c co om mm me em mo or ra at ti io on n o of fMMa as st te er rX Xu ua an nz za an ng g)QuestioningQuestioning BuddhismBuddhismMaster Xuanza

5、ng(600-664 AD)is from Goushi County in Luoyang(Yanshi,Henan)Hislast name is Chen,first name is Hui,and Xuanzang is the Dharma name that was given later.Xuanzang was born in a noble family,and his ancestors were all government officials.Xuanzang studied hard by following his brother and showed great

6、talent.Influenced byhis brother,Xuanzang made up his mind to become a monk at age 13.He had been studyBuddhism hard after being a monk.At age 20,Xuanzang had already finished the theories of different schools of Buddhism.He then traveled every place from south to north,visited masters of different s

7、chools learnedfrom them,and earned lots of fame.According to the historical materials:WWh he en n h he e w wa as s 2 21 1,h he e t ta au ug gh ht t B Bu ud dd dh hi is st t l le ec ct ti io on ns s a an nd d t th he eo or ri ie es s.H He e c co ou ul ld d d de el li iv ve er r t th he e l le ec ct t

8、u ur re ew wi it th ho ou ut t s se ee ei in ng g t th he e d dr ra af ft ts s,H He e m mu us st t b be e t th he e d di iv vi in ne e,o ot th he er rw wi is se e h he e c co ou ul ld dn n t t d do o t th he es se e.(C Co on nt ti in nu ue ed dMMe em mo oi ir rs so of fE Em mi in ne en nt tMMo on nk

9、 ks sV Vo ol lu um me e4 4T Th he eL Le eg ge en nd do of fX Xu ua an nz za an ng g)When he was 21,he taught Buddhist lections and theories,and has already beenconsidered the divine in Buddhism,We can see that his high achievement in Buddhism hasbeen consistently praised.He already mastered all the

10、content of principles and theories in Buddhism at thattime.However,it was all these researching processes that made him discover more andmore problems.All these questions deeply disturbed him.Here is the problem,in the process of introducing Buddhism in China,there sprang upmore and more versions of

11、 translation，and an increasing number of monks preaching.These gave rise to different interpretations of the same classic.Thus,consensus was hard tobe made on many key issues.The monks may even give tit for tat.The biggest problemthat Xuanzang encountered was thatWWh ha at tt th he ea an nc ce es st

12、 to or rs sd di id dn n t td de et te er rm mi in ne eb be ec ca am me et th he eq qu ue es st ti io on ns so of ft th he ep ph hi il lo os so op ph he er rs sn no ow w.（T Th he eb bi io og gr ra ap ph hy yo of fMMa as st te er rS Sa an nz za an ng gV Vo ol lu um me e1 10 0）There were more than 100

13、such questions,how to solve these questions fundamentallyand became the biggest knot in his mind.JourneyJourney toto thethe WestWestUnder this circumstance,Xuanzang had a strong idea that to solve these hardquestions of Buddhism,you had to study from India-the origin of Buddhism,so as to get thereal

14、 Buddhist classics in order the break the darkness.In the third year of Zhenguan(629 AD),and at his age of 28,Xuanzang secretly crossedthe gate from Changan,and started his journey to the west.During the travel,he suffered a lot.When he crossed the endless desert,t th he er re e w wa as sn no ot th

15、hi in ng g i in n f fr ro on nt t b bu ut t s sa an nd ds s,l le et t a al lo on ne e r ro oa ad ds s.(Continued Memoirs of Eminent Monks Volume 4)But he never gave up.He made a grand vow:I would rather die one step ahead to the westthan go back home to live.Finally his wish was fulfilled.He arrived

16、 in the dreamy NorthernIndia.He arrived at the top school of Buddhism in India-Nalanda and learn Buddhism byfollowing labhadra.According to the record,labhadra has been waiting for Xuanzangin Nalanda for more than 3 years.Three years before Xuanzangs arrival,labhadra was very sick,feeling knivesstab

17、bing on his body,and wanted to commit suicide.There was someone in the dream toldhim that he should wait for a monk call ed Xuanzang from China.He decided to live.Thearrival of Xuanzang brought him hopes in life.He taught his lifelong knowledge to theChinese monk without reservation.In the 15th year

18、 of Zhenguan(641 A.D.),Harsha of Kannauj in India held a debatingconference,in which the 18 kings of ancient India all participated.More than 7000 monks ofMahyna and Hnayna,and Brahmin attended.This was the famous Kannaujdebating conference in the history of Buddhism.In this great conference,Xuanzan

19、g was the lead speaker.There were no one who can come up with doubts on his opinions in 18 days.What did this mean?This meant that Xuanzangs achievement in Buddhism has already reached the highest level in India at that time,and that he earned all the approvals of Indian Buddhism.Monks in Hnayna cal

20、led Xuan-zang Moks!Adeva,Monks in Mahyna called him the great Mahyna,Xuanzangs fa-me spread across India.TranslatingTranslating LectionsLections backback inin thethe CountryCountryOn January in the 19th year of Zhenguan,Xuanzang returned to Changan,and endedthe Journey to the West of more than 50,00

21、0 miles for 17 years.Tang Taizong ordered FangXuangling,the Lord Protector,to welcome him with thousands of officials,people welcomedhim on the road side,and the whole country was in great joy.Xuanzang brought back 520 sets,657 volumes.of original Buddhist Classics fromIndia,and lots of Buddhist Sta

22、tues and 150 tablets of Buddha relics.Xuanzang received the respect from Taizong and Gaozong,and was given the nameMaster Sanzang.Buddhist lections can be divided into strapiaka,vinayapiaka andabhidharmapiaka.Sanzang means all the Buddhist lections.Only the one who canunderstand all the classics is

23、qualified to be call“Master Sanzang”.Tang Taizong specially appreciated Xuanzang,he talked him twice into returning topolitics,but Xuanzang refused by expressing that he was more willing to translatelections.He followed his heart to transmit knowledge.Taizong respected him more,and fullysupported hi

24、s translation undertakings.TheThe praisepraise ofof TangTang TaizongTaizongTaizong was also invited by Xuanzang,to write Sanzang ShengJiao Prologue,whichsays:T Th he ep pi in ne e,w wi in nd d,w wa at te er ra an nd dm mo oo on n,a ar re en no ot t a as sg go oo od da as st th he em ma ag gn ni if f

25、i ic ce en nc ce eo of f t th he eMMa as st te er r.T Th he ed de ew wa an nd dp pe ea ar rl l,a ar re en no ot ta as sb br ri ig gh ht ta as st th he eMMa as st te er r s sc ch ha ar ra ac ct te er r.The pine,wind,water and moon,are not as good as the magnificence of theMaster.The dew and pearl,are

26、 not as bright as the Masters character.In this prologue,Taizong gave Xuanzang high evaluation towards his achievements inBuddhism.B Br ri in ng gi in ng g t th he e c co om mp pa as ss si io on na at te e c cl lo ou ud d f fr ro om m I In nd di ia a i in n t th he e w we es st t,a an nd d S Sp pr r

27、i in nk kl li in ng g t th he e r ra ai in n o of fD Dh ha ar rm ma a a al ll l o ov ve er r t th he e e ea as st t o of f G Gr re ea at t T Ta an ng g.T Th he e t te ea ac ch hi in ng gs s o of f B Bu ud dd dh hi is sm m t tu ur rn ne ed d f fr ro om m b be ei in ng gi in nc co om mp pl le et te e

28、t to o c co om mp pl le et te e,a an nd d a al ll l b be ei in ng gs s w we er re e a ab bl le e t to o w wa as sh h t th he ei ir r s si in ns s a an nd d g ge et t t th he e u ul lt ti im ma at te eb bl le es ss si in ng g.It means,Xuanzang brought the compassionate cloud from India in the west an

29、dsprinkled the rain of Dharma all over the east of Tang.The teachings of Buddhism turnedfrom being incomplete to complete,and all beings were able to wash their sins and get theultimate blessing.TheThe achievementsachievements inin translationtranslationIn Xuanzangs later years,He translated lection

30、s in Hongfu Monastery,Da Ci En Temple,Yu Hua Temple.Throughout 19 precious years of his life,he translated 600 volumes of Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra,100 volumes of Yogacarabhumi-sastra,200 volumes of Abhidharma Mahvibh stra and Abhidharmakoakrik,Vij?ptimtratsiddhi,Mahyna-sagraha,etc,with a total numbe

31、r of 75 sets and 1335 volumes.At the age of 59,Xuanzang expressed his thoughts on the early meeting.He hopes thathe could go to Yu Hua Temple,which was quiet and far away from Changan,to translatelections,which received the support from Tang Gaozong.Xuanzang has been in Yu Hua Temple for entirely 4

32、years,during which he finishedtranslating600volumesofMahaprajnaparamitaSutra.ThisisacompilationofMahaprajnaparamita Sutra classics,which proclaim that all the laws are empty.Xuanzang worked to the extreme for many years,and got sick.He finally passed awaywith peace.According to his will,Xuanzang was

33、 buried in Bailu Plain.In the second year of Gaozong Zongzhang(669 AD),the imperial court commanded tomove Xuanzangs remains to Beiyuan in Fanchuan and rebuilt a new temple called XingJiao Temple there.OutstandingOutstanding contributionscontributionsFor over a thousand years,Xuanzangs character and

34、 knowledge was always honored.The most touching story of Master Xuanzang s life was journeying to the west,translatinglections,establishing Buddhist schools,and devoting himself to academy.Journeying to the west:17 years of Journey to the West.He has rendered himunimaginable difficulties and suffers

35、.After thousands of miles,he arrived his destinationfinally.Translating lections:In the last 19 years of his life,Xuanzang translated the BuddhistClassics he brought back all days and nights and worked till his death.His hard working intranslation has left a rich cultural heritage for Chinese Buddhi

36、sts.EstablishingBuddhistschools:XuanzanginheritedtheYogcrainIndiaandestablished an important school of Mahyna in China,the East Asian Yogcra,whichwas transmitted to Korea and Japan by his disciples.We can say that,the life of Xuanzang is all for bring,translating,and transmitting theBuddhism Classic

37、s.Xuanzangs legendary experience,his translations of lections,his establishment ofBuddhist schools hall have left precious spiritual wealth to Changan and ChineseBuddhism.Mr Lu Xun said:S Si in nc ce ea an nc ci ie en nt tt ti im me es s,w we eh ha av ve ep pe eo op pl le ea am mo on ng gu us sw wh

38、ho oh ha av ve et to oi il le ed dh ha ar rd da at tw wo or rk k;s so om me eh ha av ve er ra am mt th hr ro ou ug gh ho ob bs st ta ac cl le es st to og ge et tt th hi in ng gs sd do on ne e;s so om me eo ot th he er rs sh ha av ve ep pl le ea ad de ed dt to oa au ut th ho or ri it ty yo on nt th h

39、e en ne ee ed ds so of f o or rd di in na ar ry y p pe eo op pl le e;m ma an ny yo ot th he er rs sh ha av ve ep pu ur rs su ue ed d t tr ru ut th hs sa at t a al ll lc co os st ts s.t th he ey y a ar re ea al ll l b ba ac ck kb bo on ne es s o of fC Ch hi in na a.（Lu Xun Have Chinese Lost Their Sel

40、f-Confidence?）Among these“ChineseBackbones”,the most typical representative is Master Xuanzang.Master Xuanzang represents the spirit of grittiness and pursuing the truthof theChinese nation.Nowadays,on the South Square of the Dayan Pagoda stands a bronze statue of MasterXuanzang holding a tin rod.It travels through time and tells the fascinating stories ofChangan and Chinese Buddhism.