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1、International BusinessKey DefinitionsChapter Three:Differences in CultureChapter OutlineI.What is Culture?II.Social StructureIII.Language and EducationIV.Culture and the Workplacekey definition No.1我们将文化看成是一群人中间共同具有的、是为生存而设计构造的一种价值观和准则的体系。We view culture as a system of values and norms that are shar

2、ed among a group of people and thatwhen taken together constitute a design for living.key definition No.2价值观是指抽象的观念，关于一群人相信什么是好的、正确的和愿意的。By values we mean abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good,right,and desirable.key definition No.3准则是指社会规则，在特定情况下描述适当行为的准则。By norms,we mean the social

3、 rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particularsituations.key definition No.4社会习俗是每日生活的常规习俗，一般而言，社会习俗是无道德意义的行为，更确切的说是社会习惯。Folkways are the routine conventions of everyday life.Generally,folkways are actions of little moralsignificance.key definition No.5道德准则被认为是社会发挥作用和社会生活的核心

4、准则，比社会习俗有意义得多，依此，违反道德准则可能受到严重的惩罚。Mores are norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life.They havemuch greater significance than folkways.Accordingly,violating mores can bring serious retribution.International Business.key definition No.6A societys social stru

5、cture refers to its basic social organization.There are two dimensions.The firstis the degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the individual,as opposed to the group.The second dimension is the degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes.一个社会的社会结构是指它的基本社会组织。有两个尺度。

6、第一，在多大程度上社会组织的基本单位是个人，而不是群体。第二个尺度是社会分层和等级的程度如何。key definition No.7All societies are stratified on a hierarchical basis into social categories-that is,into social strata.Thesestrata are typically defined on the basis of characteristics such as family background,occupation,andincome.所有社会都以等级为基础划分社会阶层。

7、社会阶层通常是以家庭背景、职业和收入等特点来划分的。key definition No.8The term social mobility refers to the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into whichthey are born.社会变动性是指个人从他生来所属的阶层脱离出来的可能性。key definition No.9Formal education is the medium through which individuals learn many of the language,concept

8、ual,and mathematical skills that are indispensable in a modern society.正规的教育是一种媒介。通过正规教育每个人都能够学到在现代社会不可缺少的语言、概念性和数学方面的技能。key definition No.10Probably the most famous study of how culture relates to values in the workplace was undertaken byGeert Hofstede.He isolated four dimensions that he claimed summarized different cultures-powerdistance,uncertainty avoidance,individualism versus collectivism,and masculinity versus femininity.最有名的关于文化如何影响工作场所的价值的研究也许是由戈耶特霍夫斯坦德进行的。他挑出了他认为能够概况不同文化的四个尺度：权利距离、不确定性规避、个人主义与集体主义、男性与女性。