人工智能原理人工智能原理 (8).pdf

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1、ArtificialIntelligence462.Intelligent AgentsContents:2.1.Approaches for Artificial Intelligence 2.2.Rational Agents 2.3.Task Environments 2.4.Intelligent Agent Structure 2.5.Category of Intelligent AgentsArtificialIntelligence:Basics:Agent47where An agents behavior can be described mathematically by

2、 an agent function which maps every percepts to a action.一个智能体的行为可以数学上被描述为一个智能体函数，将每个感知映射为动作。The Structure of Agents 智能体的结构2.4.Intelligent Agent StructureAgentEnvironmentPerceptsActionsSensorsActuatorsArtificialIntelligence:Basics:Agent48 The agent function is an abstract concept,it could incorporat

3、e various principles of decision making:智能体函数是一个抽象的概念，它可以包含将各种决策制定的原则：calculation of utility of individual options,单个选项的效用计算 deduction over logic rules,贯穿逻辑规则的推论 fuzzy logic,模糊逻辑 lookup table,查找表 etc.Agent Function 智能体函数2.4.Intelligent Agent StructureArtificialIntelligence:Basics:Agent49 It implemen

4、ts an agent function.It take the current percept as input from the sensors,and return an action to the actuators.实现一个智能体功能。它将感受器的输入作为当前的感知，然后返回一个动作给执行器。Agent Programs 智能体程序2.4.Intelligent Agent StructureThe agent program returns an action by lookup table each time.该智能体程序通过查找表返回一个动作。function TABLE-DR

5、IVEN-AGENT(percept)returns an actionpersistent:percepts,a sequence,initially emptytable,a table of actions,initially fully specifiedaction,the most recent action,initially noneappend percept to the end of perceptsaction LOOKUP(percepts,table)return actionArtificialIntelligence:Basics:Agent50 Hierarc

6、hies of agents 智能体的层次 Intelligent agents today are normally gathered in a hierarchical structure containing many“sub-agents”.智能体通常表现为一个分层的结构，它包含许多“子智能体”。Intelligent sub-agents process and perform lower level functions.子智能体处理和执行较低级的功能。Intelligent agent and sub-agents create a complete system that can

7、 accomplish difficult tasks with behaviors and responses.智能体和子智能体构建一个完整的系统，它可以通过行为和反应来完成艰巨的任务。The Structure of Agents 智能体的结构2.4.Intelligent Agent Structure=platform+agent program=computing device+sensors+actuators agent functionAgentplatformagent programArtificialIntelligence:Basics:Agent51 Atomic原子

8、式each state is a black box with no internal structure.每个状态是个黑盒子，没有内部结构。Factored因子式each state consists of a fixed set of attributes and values.每个状态由一组固定的属性和值组成。Structured 结构式each state includes objects,each has attributes and relationships to other objects.每个状态包含对象，每个具有属性以及与其它对象的关系。Three ways to repr

9、esent states for an agent 表征智能体状态的三种方式2.4.Intelligent Agent StructureAtomicFactoredStructuredArtificialIntelligence:Basics:Agent52 Each state is a black box with no internal structure.每个状态是个黑盒子，没有内部结构。E.g.the problem of finding a driving route from one end of a country to the other via some sequence

10、 of cities.例如，寻找驾驶路径问题，从某个国家的一端到另一端，经过一系列城市。a)Atomic representation 原子式表征2.4.Intelligent Agent StructureA simplified road map of part of Romania.一个简化的罗马尼亚部分公路交通图ArtificialIntelligence:Basics:Agent53 Each state consists of a fixed set of attributes and values.每个状态由一组固定的属性和值组成。b)Factored representatio

11、n 因子式表征2.4.Intelligent Agent StructureMany possible solutions to this problem,e.g.,该问题可能的解决方案，例如：WA=red,NT=green,Q=red,NSW=green,V=red,SA=blue,T=red.constraint graph约束图ArtificialIntelligence:Basics:Agent54 Each state includes objects,each object has attributes and relationships to other objects.每个状态包含对象，每个对象具有属性和与其它对象的关系。c)Structured representation 结构式表征2.4.Intelligent Agent StructureA sample of structured representation of states一个状态结构化表示的示例