(7.1.1)--Unit7SpeakingtoPersuade课件.pdf

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1、Speaking to PersuadeUnit 7 Speaking skill02Why do listeners accept one speakers views?01What makes a speaker persuasive?03How can a speaker motivate listeners to act?Speaking to persuade1.They perceive the speaker as having high credibility.3.They are won over by the speakers evidence.2.They are con

2、vinced by the speakers reasoning.4.They are touched by the speakers ideas or language.Speaking to persuade1.Building credibilitythe audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topicCharacterCompetenceCredibilitySpeakers sincerity,trustworthiness,and concern for the wel

3、l-being of the audienceA speakers intelligence,expertise,and knowledge of the subject Say what you believeTell your audience that you have investigated the topic thoroughly2.Using evidenceAExamples BStatisticsCTestimony3.Reasoninglogical connection your evidencethe conclusionthe process of drawing a

4、 logical conclusion on the basis of evidenceReasoningMake sure your own reasoning is sound.Get listeners to agree with your reasoning.1.Reasoning from specific instances2.Reasoning from principle3.Causal Reasoning4.Analogical Reasoning3.ReasoningFour basic methods of reasoning used in a speech:3.1 R

5、easoning from specific instancesWhen you reason from specific instances,you progress from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion.Fact 1Fact 2Fact 3General conclusionFact 1People text,do email,shop and go on Facebook during classes,during presentations,during all meetings.Generalization

6、Were getting used to a new way of being alone together and people want control over where they put their attention.Fact 2Parents text and do email at meals.Fact 3My daughter and her friends deny each other their full attention while they are together.Fact 4People even text at funerals.Sherry Turkle“

7、Connected,but alone?”Three basic guidelines1.Avoid generalizing too hastily.2.Make sure the instances you present are fair,unbiased and representative.3.Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony.3.2 Reasoning from principleA general principleA specific conclusionFrame of reasoning for“How

8、 great leaders inspire action”General principle:The neocortex is responsible for all of our rational and analytical thought and language and our limbic brains are responsible for feelings,behavior,decision-making,and this part of brain has no capacity for language.Minor premise:Complicated informati

9、on like features and benefits and facts and figures affect the neocortex of our brain instead of our limbic brains.Conclusion:Only elaborating features of a certain product will not move and touch people and thus will not lead people to make a decision to buy.General principle:Minor premise:Conclusi

10、on:Will listeners accept it without evidence?Give evidence to support it.Support your minor premise with evidence.Your audience will be more likely to accept your conclusion.3.3 Causal ReasoningCausal reasoning is the process of identifying causes to a certain result.The most basic way for humans to

11、 get to know the outside worldAlso a very risky way to get to know the truth of the worldSupport the causal claims with sound evidence.Some elders are in a securely attached relationship to another person.Their memories stay sharper longer.Cause:Effect:Some elders are in relationship where they feel

12、 they can not count on the other one.They experience earlier memory decline.Cause:Effect:a lot more evidenceinvestigations and scientific researchevidence from reliable sources3.3 Causal Reasoning3.4 Analogical Reasoning Demonstrate how two things are alike Pointing out shared characteristics,To sho

13、w that if two things are similar in some ways,they are similar in other ways as well.4.Appealing to emotionsEmotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad,angry,afraid,happy,proud or the like.George Campbell in his Philosophy of Rhetoric,When persuasion is the end,passion also must be eng

14、aged.010203040506Fear Compassion Pride Anger curiosity Reverence4.Appealing to emotionsAppeal to these and other emotions by:using emotional language,developing vivid examples,speaking with sincerity and conviction.4.Appealing to emotionsThe speaker evokes fear among the audience in order to lead in

15、 his topic:the vaccine strategy to battle against HIV and flu.Seth Berkley“HIV and flu the vaccine strategy”evoking a strong sense of compassion among her audience.Monica Lewinsky“The price of shame”Tips Never substitute emotional appeals for evidence and reasoning.Always build your persuasive speec

16、h on a firm foundation of facts and logic.Build a good case based on reason and kindle the emotions of your audience.Wrap up1.Establish credibility.2.Use four kinds of reasoning:reasoning from instances,reasoning from general principle,causal reasoning,and analogical reasoning.3.Use evidence which include examples,statistics,testimony,experimental results,etc.4.Make emotional appeals,such as fear,compassion,pride,anger,curiosity and reverence,etc.Credit to The Art of Public Speaking by Stephen Lucas