WesternCivilization全英文西 (45).pdf

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1、5.3.High Middle Ages:1000-1250Hello,everybody this is the third part of the Chapter five,High Middle Ages.1.The population of Europe boomed during the High Middle Ages and reached a peak around 1300 to around 100 million.There are variousreasons of this population increase.First one is the warmer cl

2、imate;the time from 950 to 1250 was called the Medieval Warm Period.Secondly,the improved agriculture techniques and equipment produced more food.Thirdly compare with other times this periods experienced less wars.2.Empire and kingdomsWe can see Countries of the High Meddle Ages in Europe.2 Empire:H

3、oly Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire.There are many kingdoms:inBrittan England and Scotland,in the north Norway,Sweden and Denmark,in the east Poland,Hungary,and in Italy Papal State and kingdom ofSicily.3.Holy Roman Empire 800-1806Beginning in the 10th century,German territories formed a central p

4、art of the Holy Roman Empire.4.As the Carolingian Empire declined,there were five stem duchies in the east Francia.Stem means tribes.They were Saxony,Franconia,Lorraine,Swabia and Bavaria.A duchy is an area of land that is owned or ruled by a duke.A duke is the highest rank below the king.5.The Caro

5、lingian Dynasty ended in 911 in east krancia.In 919 the duke of Saxony Henry the Fowler(876 936)was elected king.Fowleris someone who hunts wild birds.It is said when the messengers came to inform him that he was to be king he was fixing his birding nets.Henrywas the first Saxon king of East Francia

6、 and the founder of the Ottonian dynasty.His family ruled East Francia and later Holy Roman Empire from919 until 1024.In the ninth and tenth centuries,Hungarians,also known as Magyars,an ethnic group native to Hungary invaded nearly all over the Europe.Theeastern border of the East Francia was threa

7、tened.Henry first made a ten-year-truce in 924,agreed to pay annual tribute to Magyars.After thathe built an extensive system of fortifications and mobile heavy cavalry and in 933 defeated and drove them away.He also put down the rebellionsof dukes of Bavaria and Swabia.6.Otto I,also called Otto the

8、 Great(912 973),was German king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962.He was the son of Henrythe Fowler.In 955 at the Battle of Lechfeld Otto defeated the Magyars completely.That time Magyars were still pagans thus Otto earned areputation as a savior of Christen world.Otto also conquered Lombardy

9、 and brought northern and central Italy into the Holy Roman Empire.In962 Otto was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII at St.Peters Basilica in Rome.Some historians marked 800 as the beginning ofthe Holy Roman Empire when Charlemagne was crowned;others thought it started in 962 by Ottos coron

10、ation.Otto spent his later years rulingfrom Rome.7.Investiture controversyThe emperor was crowned by the Pope,but sometime Emperors also intervened in the papal elections.During the time of Henry III,the HolyRoman Emperor from 1046 to 1056 there were three people claimed popes.Henry deposed all thre

11、e and installed a German as a new Pope.The Investiture controversy was a conflict between Catholic Church and state over the authority to appoint local church officials throughinvestiture.Investiture is a ceremony to give someone an official title.The controversy began as a power struggle between Po

12、pe Gregory VII andholy Roman Emperor Henry IV in 1076.Henry tried to depose the Pope but failed.Gregory excommunicated Henry.Henry crossed the Alps inthe winter,standing three days in the snow asking for forgiveness before the castle of Canossa in northern Italy where the pope lived.Today ifsomeone

13、says I will never go to Canossa that means never yield or give in like Henry did.In 1080 Gregory excommunicated Henry again.Butthis time supported by German nobles and bishops Henry marched on Rome and drove the pope away.8.Hugh Capet(c.939 996)France and England emerged as nation states during the

14、high middle ages.Nation state is a sovereign state whose majority of people belongs to thesame ethnic group and has same culture and language.The Carolingian dynasty ended in in the West Francia in 987 when Hugh Capet became the first King of Capetian dynasty.Most historians regardthe coronation of

15、Hugh Capet in 987 as the beginnings of modern France.He came from the family of Count of Paris,he made the city his powercenter.In 1190 Philip II first called himself King of France.The Capetians and their cadet lines the Valois and Bourbon ruled Franc until 1792 theFrench Revolution overthrown the

16、monarch.Primogeniture is the right of firstborn son to succeed his parents estate.Cadets are younger sons.From Hugh Capet until the death of Philip IV in 1314,all kings left a son to succeed his father.This good luck was one reason made France themost powerful kingdom in Europe.9.EnglandBy the time

17、of the death of Alfred in 899,southern England was united by the kingdom of Wessex.Northern England was controlled by Danesknown as Danelaw.In 1013 England was conquered by Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard and it became the center of a short-lived North Sea1Empire that also included Denmark and Norway.In

18、 1042 the last king of the House of Wessex Edward the Confessor restored Anglo-Saxonkingdom.He built Westminster Abbey,one of the grandest churches in Europe.He ruled 24 years and died in 1066.A dispute over thesuccession to Edward led to wars.The result was the Norman conquest of England led by Wil

19、liam in 1066.10.William the Conqueror(c.10281087),was the first Norman King of England.House of Normandy ruled England from 1066 until 1135.Eventually the Normans merged with the natives Anglo-Saxons.The Normans were an ethnic group originated from Scandinavia and since the late9th century they had

20、settled in Normandy,a northern region of France.Angevin EmpireThe Angevin kings ruled England from 1154 to 1216.It had three monarchs:Henry II,Richard I and John.They were kings of England,butEngland was only less than half of the empire they ruled.The Angevin Empire covered an area including half o

21、f France,all of England,and parts ofIreland and Wales.The last Angevin king John,was defeated in the Anglo-French War(12131214)by King Philip II of France,most of thelands in France was lost.At home John was also challenged by his subjects.He was forced to sign Magna Carta,Great charter of Liberties

22、,adocument recognizing the rights and privileges of the barons,church,and freemen.Baron is a man who is a member of the lowest rank of thenobility.The principle of the charter was that the king is not above the law.11.The House of PlantagenetAngevin means from Anjou.Plantagenet was the nickname of H

23、enry father Geoffrey.Plantagenet is a flower broom 金雀花.His father was theCount of Anjou,a county in France.Plantagenet descendants,The House of Plantagenet and its two cadet branches,the Houses of Lancasterand York held the English throne for more than three centuries from 1154 until 1485 when Richa

24、rd III died.MonasteryA monastery is a building in which monks or nuns live from the outside world.Supported by Christens especially founded by nobles,monasteriesreached its height across Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries.The most famous one was Cluny Abbey in France.It was the first internationa

25、lorganization of monastic centers.The leader of a monastery called abbot.The abbot of Cluny Abbey was among the most powerful people,equalsto king,emperor even pope.12.UniversitySome famous universities were founded during this period.They taught Arts,theology,medicine and laws.The University of Bol

26、ogna in Italy wasfounded in 1088,it is the oldest university in Europe.It was organized by the guild of students.A guild is a formal association of people with similarinterests or same job.The University of Paris was Founded c.1150.In 1200 king Philip granted a charter guaranteed its rights and immu

27、nitiesfrom the control of the city.In England the University of Oxford was founded in 1096,and the University of Cambridge was founded in 1209.13.The University of Bologna in Italy14.CrusadesThe Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Catholic Church from 1096 to 1272.The aim of t

28、he Crusades was to recoveringthe Holy Land from Muslim rule.The Holy Land is the Land of Israel.In 1095,Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade.He encouragedmilitary support for the Byzantine Empire Emperor who needed help for his conflict with Muslim Turks.In 1099 the Crusader conqueredJerusalem

29、 and established a Latin kingdom in Palestine.Eight Crusades were launched.15.These are crusaders.16.The EastWest SchismThe Roman Catholic Church is headed by the Bishop of Rome,known as the Pope.Its central administration,the Holy See,is in the Vatican Citywithin Rome.The Catholic Church teaches th

30、at it is founded by Jesus Christ,and the Pope is the successor to Saint Peter.The leader of theEastern Orthodox Church is the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople since the founding of the city in 330 AD by Constantine the Great.Ecumenical means universal.Patriarch of Constantinople is regarded as

31、 the successor of Andrew the Apostle.In 1054 ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes between the Greek East and Latin West caused the mutual excommunication.Theyofficially separated.This is called the Great Schism or the EastWest Schism.Lets look at the key words of todayOtto the Great,Hugh Capet,William the Conqueror,Crusades,the EastWest Schism,This is the third part of the chapter five High Middle Ages2