(4.3.1)--04-3华严宗.pdf

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1、Chapter4：Changan and Chinese Buddhist SchoolsSection 3：Huayan of Buddhism in ChinaHuayan School was one of the 8 schools established in Changan.Its ancestral courtis Huayan Temple in Xian.Yanhua School takes Avatamsaka Sutra as its fundamental reference,so it got thename Huayan School.Given that its

2、 actual founder Master Fazang was titld TeacherXianshou,Huayan School is also known as Xuanshou School.HuayanSchoolestablisheddharma-dhatu-pratitya-samutpadaaccordingtoAvatamsaka Sutra,which is the main theory of Huayan School.Dharma-dhatu-pratitya-samutpadasaysthatthewholeworldoflawisassociatedwith

3、dependentorigination.Beings in the universe cannot get rid of the mutual relationship,and nothingcan be formed individually.Laws in the universe are like indra-jla,which intertwinesendlessly and harmoniously.Avatamsaka Sutra demonstrates the theory of dependent origination via initialapproaches,such

4、 as the four great elements,the Six-fold sense bases,and ten links.The establishment of Huayan SchoolHuayan School was officially established in early Tang Dynasty.During mid Tang,itwas spread broadly and promoted by many people.The 4 ancestors in Huayan 5ancestors,The first,the third,the fourth and

5、 the fifth ancestor were all conferred titles ofnobility,and honored as the state preceptor.The Dharma lineage of Huayan School is First ancestor Dushun,second Zhiyan,third Fazang,fourth Chengguan,and fifth Zongmi.Huayan School recognizes Dushun as the first ancestor;while its actual founder isMaste

6、r Fazang.The person who completed the rules of Huayan and assembled lots offollowers is actually Master Fazang.Therefore,Empress Wu Zetian bestowed Fazang thetitle Xianshou.Thus,he was also called Teacher Xianshou,or Master Xianshou.Fazang demonstrated Huayans righteous purpose and putforward ruleso

7、fjudgement.Finally,he established the most special new Buddhist schoolHuayan School.Master Fazang has participated in the translating forum held by iknanda as atranslator scribe.He retranslated Avatamsaka Sutra,which is known as 80 scrolls.Fazang alsoexplained Huayans ethics to Wu Zetian.His outline

8、s of the lectures were then organizedby his disciples and compiled into books,which is called Huayan Golden lion chapter.Fazang spared no efforts in preaching scriptures.He lectured the old and newAvatamsaka Sutra for more than 30 times.It is said that his preaching was lively and easyto understand.

9、There is a kind of art in his lecture that can draw people closer,and makelistener intoxicated.Huayans Classification of Buddhas TeachingThe theory of Classification of Buddhas Teaching is the most important part inHuayan system.It is also an important sign that Huayan School has become anindependen

10、t Buddhist School.In order to establish the ideological system of HuayanSchool and to determine the authority of Avatamsaka Sutra in the entire Buddhistclassics,Fazang put forward his theory of five divisions based on summarizing hispredecessors theory of classifying Buddhas teaching.The five divisi

11、ons are Hnayna teaching,Elementary Mahyna teaching,FinalMahyna teaching,Sudden Mahyna teaching,and Perfect Teaching.Hnayna teaching refers to the original Buddhism and other parts of Buddhism.Itsrepresentative classic is gama.This sect only knows the truth of human emptiness,but itdoesnt know the dh

12、arma-nairtmya.It knows nothing about dharma-nairtmya,so it wascalled the foolish Theravada.Elementary Mahyna teaching refers to the first stage of Mahayana.The mainclassics are Prajnaparamita Mulamadhyamakakarika,Sata-sastra,and Dvdaanikyastra,etc.Its basic theory is the argument that everything is

13、empty.It advocates toabolish the persistence toward things.Final Mahyna teaching,the classics of final Mahayana are Lankvatra-stra,and Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana,etc.Its core theory is Tathgatagarbha stras.Itadvocates that everything comes randomly and is equal without difference.So itemphas

14、izes that all beings are able to achieve Buddhism through Sdhan.Bothelementary and final Mahyna teaching advocate gradual Sdhan.That is to achievethe complete intelligence phase by phase.So in this sense,they are both gradualteachings.Sudden Mahyna teaching,the representative classic of Sudden Enlig

15、htenment isVimalakirti Sutra.It promotes that beings and Buddha are equal physically without anydifference.There is no need to take phases.You will become Buddha and Nevakesh adshenagia once you are enlightened.Perfect Teaching is of the most completion in Buddhism.Its classic is AvatamsakaSutra.It

16、advocates that everything is a whole,and that things integrate with each other,and depend on each other.One is all and all is one,they exist harmoniously.People canbe enlightened truly as soon as they wish for it,and obtain everything perfectly.This is thePerfect Teaching.The perfect interpenetratio

17、n of the six characteristicsHuayan School depicts the theory of dharma-dhatu-pratitya-samutpada via theperfect interpenetration of the six characteristics and the ten implicit nonobstructions.The six characteristics of viewing things are three pairs of opposite item,namelyuniversality and particular

18、ity,identity and difference,integration and disintegration.It hasto be realized that everything is in the harmonious statues of universality and particularity,identity and difference,as well as integration and disintegration.Everything has 6 characteristics.Then what are they?Things that are compose

19、d ofvarious elements is an entirety,which is the universality.The specific element thatcompose a thing is called particularity.Things become a entirety through the combinationof different causes,it is called identity.But each element that forms the entirety hasdifferent appearance and functions,whic

20、h is called difference.All the elements worktogether,which result in accomplishment.This is called integration.But all elements stillkeep their individual status while they construct the entirety.This is call disintegration.In Huayan Golden lion chapter,Master Fazang used golden lion and houses asme

21、taphors to thoroughly demonstrate the meaning of the six characteristics.He tookrafters and tiles as metaphors to show what universality is.The house itself is theentirety;while the rafters and tiles that form the house are different from the house.Theyare particularities.Rafters and tiles construct

22、 the house together,and they share somecharacteristics.It is called identity.But the rafters and tiles are different from eachother.Rafters are rafters,tiles and tiles,it is difference.Then when rafters and tilesconstructthehousetogether,theyarethecomponentsofthehouse,andtheycomplement each other.Th

23、erefore,the relationship between the house and the raftersand tiles is integration.There wont be houses if rafters and tiles dont exist,right?Theyare assisting the house.But the individuals of them still keep their individual selves whileconstructing the house.They didnt become the house per se,it i

24、s disintegration.The idea of the perfect interpenetration of the six characteristics analyzes thecontent of dharma-dhatu-pratitya-samutpada and the harmonious relationship betweenthem via these 6 characteristics and their relationship.The ten implicit non obstructionsThetheoryofthetenimplicitnonobst

25、ructionsisdevelopedfromthesixcharacteristics.The six characteristics target at every specific object,while the ten implicitnonobstructions focus on the whole world,as well as the relationship among things.Ttheten implicit nonobstructions demonstrates the harmonious relationship among things fromvari

26、ous angles.What the first article?The gate of simultaneity,no left out,no disagrees.Simultaneitymeans there is no first or second in time.There is no left out,and everything is completelyowned.There is no disagreement.It states that all things and phenomena formed by allconditions and causes dont ha

27、ve temporal sequence,or omissions in contents.Theybecome each others causes,and agree to each other.This is the overview of the tenimplicit nonobstructions.The other 9 implicit nonobstructions will be its specific elaboration.Forinstance,Thegateofbroadnessandnarrownessisfreeandunimpeded.Broadness is

28、 big,and narrowness is small.Everything has difference in sizefrom the appearance.But these differences are the causes of each other.As to onespecific object,they have the side of broadness which contains other sides.At the sametime,it maintains its own characteristic,which is the narrowness.These t

29、wo aspects areestablished at the same time without interfering.Another example is Gate of indra-jla.Indra refers to Sakka,which is the guardian ofBuddhism,one of the 12 great gods.Indra-jla is the net in the palace of Sakka,which isfull ofcountless pearls.Fazangtook this indra-jla,the shining ofthe

30、pearls,asmetaphor.What does it explain?It explains that everything in the phenomenal worldcontains,shines,and includes every other thing.Therefore,things interact with eachother,they intertwine and are thus infinite.Fazang uses this metaphor to address the ideaof endlessness in dharma-dhatu-pratitya

31、-samutpada.Master Chengguan said,if ifyouyouknowknowall allthethelaws,laws,theretherewillwillbebenonoobstacles.obstacles.(mahmah-vaipulya-vaipulya-buddhbuddh vatavatasaka-ssaka-s tratravolumevolume 1)1).Thesixcharacteristicsandthetenimplicitnonobstructions all emphasize the characteristics of harmon

32、y.Harmony underlines thateverything can only be produced in a specific,interconnected relationship.Things canobtain meaning only in connection with other things.The purpose and the core of harmony in Huayan School is to establish a harmoniousrelationship among all laws,so as to eliminate all opposit

33、ions and all barriers.The practical significance of Huayan SchoolThe harmonious ideology of Huayan School established by eminent monks inChangan fits the containment and the harmonious quality of Chinese cultures.It conveysthe aspirations of Chinese people yearning for harmony and completion.Therefo

34、re,it wonthe unanimous praise from the emperors and ordinary people.It always plays a positiverole in Chinese ideological history,and bears significance in current times.As for the heart of individuals,if you achieve the harmony of success and failure,youcan improve the status of your heart.As for t

35、he relationship between people andthe society,if you achieve the soleharmony,you can contribute more.As for the relationship of people with the nature,if weachieve the harmony with the nature,we can better protect our environment and protectour nature.As for the relationship between countries,if you can achieve harmony between eachother,you can learn from each others culture and flourish together.