(4.6.1)--15-Lesson15：HowCanOneBeHappyAlon.pdf

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1、How Can One Be Happy AloneThe Garden is Handed Down in Writing and the Garden in Painting Hello,everyone.In the Canglang Pavilion I talked about last time,I told a knowledge point:People in,the garden exists.People go,the garden becomes waste.What I said is the importance of human beings in the inhe

2、ritance of Chinese gardens.Since most of the buildings in Chinese gardens are wooden structures,if no one is involved.Most gardens will disappear in the long river of history and only a few will be preserved.Therefore,there are two words in the history of gardens,one is called The Garden Spreads Thr

3、ough Literature and the other is called The Garden Spreads Through Painting.how do you understand these two words?Let me give an example.We know that many students in modern times like to share in Wechat Moments.In fact,the ancients are the same!Of course,the ancients did not share in Wechat Moments

4、,but they did it in another way.What was that?that Is the garden and travel notes.First of all,lets talk about the garden notes.The garden notes are actually the notes written by the owner after the garden was built.We can often learn from the garden notes why the owner wanted to build the garden,wh

5、y he chose this place to build the garden,the surrounding environment of the garden and the landscape in the garden at the beginning of the garden construction.The travel notes,however,are articles or poems written by people who have visited gardens and felt like clocking in todays Microblog and Wec

6、hat Moments.We know that the Wechat Moments also has a very important function-friends like each other.In fact,the ancients would do that,but it will be more troublesome.How to operate?After the garden owner writes the garden notes,he often sends them to his best friend and invites him to review and

7、 watch the singing.For example,Ouyang Xius Canglang Pavilion,which we talked about last lesson,is actually a singing of Su Shunqins Canglang Pavilion Review.Or it is specially written for people.For example,the most important masterpiece of Chinese stone appreciation culture,Records of Taihu Stone,w

8、as written by Bai Juyi for Niu Sengru.And the photo function of our Wechat Moments can be realized by the ancients.Yes,that is painting.For example,Qianlong especially cherishes the The Lion Forest painted by Ni Zan.How much did he like it?He ordered people to look for the Lion Forest Garden,which w

9、as renamed as the Huangs garden after finding it,and the garden was dilapidated.Therefore,he ordered the craftsman to repair the garden according to the picture.After the Lion Forest Garden was repaired,Ganlong took the The Lion Forest to visit the Lion Forest Garden.Then,in the Lion Forest Garden,h

10、e unfolded the The Lion Forest and watched the scenery in the garden one by one through painting.When he was moved,he personally copied Ni Zans The Lion Forest and kept it in the Lion Forest Garden,Qianlong thought it was a pity that he did not find the Lion Forest Garden because he had the The Lion

11、 Forest before,but it was also a pity that the Lion Forest Garden had been repaired but the painting had been done now.now he had put his copy of the The Lion Forest in the Lion Forest Garden,and finaly the picture and the garden were combined.It can be seen that in the ancient peoples concept,garde

12、n and painting are actually one.As a madman with inscriptions and a madman with seals,Qianlong left several inscriptions and seals in the painting center of The Lion Forest.For example:Although the site is still in existence,it has been frequently used by Huang family to enter the garden.Today it ca

13、n still be referred to as a Lion Forest Garden.Fortunately,there is that picture.It can see the importance of visible pictures in the textual research of the origin and development of gardens.It can be seen from I knew that Lion Forest Garden.was a work of Gaoshi Ni that he always believed that The

14、Lion Forest garden was built by Ni Zan.However,after several years,when he got the album Twelve Scenes of The Lion Forest garden by Xu Ben,he discovered that he had made a mistake about the origin of The Lion Forest garden.The Lion Forest Garden was actually built by Weize.Therefore,he specially add

15、ed an inscription at the end of the painting to clarify:I wrote it for were written by Weize,and it was the original Buddha character of Lion Forest,which was spread incorrectly.Hence,think its Ni Zan s garden was mistaken.It can be seen that the complexity of the origin of Chinese gardens,even the

16、emperor got it wrong.As Zheng Yuanxun wrote in the caption of Art of Garden-Building:The ancient peoples arts were all handed down to books,but there was no garden.That is to say,other skills can be described by words,but there is no gardening.On the one hand,this sentence shows that gardens have un

17、dergone frequent changes of ownership,destruction and reconstruction,and their origins are difficult to verify.On the other hand,it refers to the essence of garden,expressing the spiritual perception of the garden owner.What the ancients called Dao,use the Object(garden)to express,which is very diff

18、icult to express in words.This is what we call the Chinese garden the garden is handed down by literature and the garden is handed down by painting.Next,lets take a look at Uniquely Paradise Garden.Although Uniquely Paradise Garden no longer exists in the world,it is a classic case that perfectly co

19、mbines the The Garden Spreads Through Literature and The Garden Spreads Through Painting.The owner of Uniquely Paradise Garden is Sima Guang,the little boy in the familiar story of Sima Guang smashing the cylinder.If you want to sum up the gardening features of the Unique Paradise Garden in one word

20、,it is-small.How small is the Uniquely Paradise Garden?We can look at the description of the Unique Paradise Garden in Li Gefeis travelogue the famous garden of Luoyang written by the northern song dynasty person:Sima Guang is in Luoyang,and he calls his garden,the Unique Paradise Garden.Sima Guang

21、has built a garden named Unique Paradise Garden in Luoyang.The garden is very small and cannot be compared with other gardens.The main building in the garden is called the Reading Hall,The whole building of the Reading Hall has a wide area of ten rooms,while“chun”is the proxy for the number of house

22、s in ancient times.There is also a scenic spot called Watering Flower Pavilion,which is very small.The Water Porch and Bamboo Hall are even smaller.The Jinahsna Platform is only as big as Xuzhang which means between eight feet and one fathom,while one foot in Song Dynasty is about 30cm,which means t

23、he height of the mountain platform is between 2.4 and 3 meters.It can be seen that the Unique Paradise Garden has a small area and not many scenic spots.It is a typical garden of less wins more.Li Gefei write in the famous garden of Luoyang:“It is the popularity of the poem about the Pavilions,terra

24、ces and open halls in the garden that has led to the reverence for the various sights in the garden.”That sentence is to say,he thinks that the reason why the Unique Paradise Garden is admired is because of Sima Guangs fame.After all,Sima Guangs story of smashing the cylinder is a story that is well

25、 known to both women and children.In addition,Sima Guangs garden notes and garden poems are widely circulated,which exactly reflects the sentence the garden is famous for its garden master.Although the garden no longer exists,later generations have been recalling it with poems and paintings.Lets tak

26、e a look at it with Sima Guangs Records of the Unique Paradise and Seven Topics of the Unique Paradise and Yuan Dynasty painter Chou Yings Picture of the Unique Paradise.Before I begin,Id like to introduce the background.Sima Guang was the key figure in the struggle between the old and new parties i

27、n the Northern Song Dynasty.After Song Shenzong acceded to the throne,he strongly supported the reformists headed by Wang Anshi.However,Sima Guang disagreed with Wang Anshis political views.At that time,when the party dispute was the most intense,Sima Guang felt that he could not establish himself i

28、n Jingdong and had to retreat from the political center to Luoyang.The Unique Paradise Garden was built under this background,so the unique joy in the Unique Paradise Garden is to take the meaning of self-injury,not sharing with others and being alone.Sima Guang also pointed out at the beginning of

29、his Records of the Unique Paradise that his joy is neither the joy of nobles nor sages.What is his joy?It means that his joy is nothing more than the joy of birds nesting and the mole drinking water in the river,This kind of joy of doing ones duty.This also sets a big tone for the Uniquely Paradise

30、Garden,which will definitely not be a magnificent or complicated garden.There are about seven major scenic spots in the Unique Paradise Garden.Each scenic spot corresponds to a different story of ancient sages.The Reading Hall corresponds to Dong Zhongshu,the Water Porch corresponds to Du Muzhi,the

31、Fishing Hut corresponds to Yan Ziling,the Medicinal Field corresponds to Han Bolin,the Jianshan Terrace corresponds to Tao Yuanming,the Bamboo House corresponds to Wang Ziyou,and the Watering Flower Pavilion corresponds to Bai Juyi.Then lets take a look at how they correspond one by one.Lets take a

32、look at Chou Yings Picture of the Unique Paradise.drawing based on the artistic conception of Sima Guangs Records of the Unique Paradise and Seven Topics of the Unique Paradise.The whole painting adopts a horizontal scroll composition.We can see Sima Guang appearing repeatedly in the drawing,and the

33、 painter uses this to embody the meaning of Uniquely Happiness.At the beginning of the picture scroll is the Water Porch.According to the record in Records of the Unique Paradise,there is a room in the south of the hall.The hall here refers to the Reading Hall,shows that the Water Porch in the south

34、 of the hall.Water is diverted to the north and flows through the lower reaches of the universe.In the center is a marsh,each three feet deep.Water is drawn from the north side to the Water Porch.The water runs through the whole building.In the middle of the porch is a pool three feet deep each.We c

35、an see Sima Guang lying on the side of the small pool in the porch,looking like washing his hands.Whats the use of this small pool?The answer is in Sima Guangs poem Seven Topics of the Unique Paradise,water porch.The opening line of I Love Du Mu points out that the Tang Dynasty poet Du Mu correspond

36、s to water porch.this sentence shows the place where this pool is used to wash inkstones and remove peoples physical and mental dirt.The north terrace indicates that there is a height difference.The water pouring into the courtyard is like a waterfall flowing into the courtyard.Its shape is like the

37、 trunk of an elephant.It was divided into two parts,surrounded by four corners,and finally merged to flow out at the northwest corner,named the Water Porch.Next,we can see a small building in a small courtyard surrounded by fences.Sima Guang is sitting in front of the desk in the room,writing his bo

38、ok.Obviously,this is the Reading Hall where Sima Guang finished his Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government.Lets look at Sima Guangs My Love for Dong Zhongshu in Seven Topics of the Unique Paradise，Reading Hall.Obviously,who is the correspondent of the Reading Hall?Yes,it is Dong Zhongshu.Obviously,

39、he hope that he could concentrate on writing like Dong Zhongshu and not be confused by foreign things.Of course,he also did.He lead a retiring life during his writing Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government.The picture is followed by Sima guang sitting on a circular island for leisurely fishing.this

40、 is the Fishing Hut.The picture is followed by Sima guang sitting on a top chair,watching slaves planting bamboo.then this scenic spot is the Bamboo House.Then he lies leisurely in the Medicinal Field,a small hut surrounded by green bamboo is very comfortable.Then the picture is for Watering Flower

41、Pavilion to cross the water bridge to see the Jianshan Terrace.Finally,the picture is a view of distant mountains.Obviously,this is what Sima guang saw from theJianshan Terrace.Each of the above scenes is described by Sima Guang in his garden notes and poems.Due to the limitation of class time,we wi

42、ll not start.Sima Guangs Records of the Unique Paradise and Seven Topics of the Unique Paradise express his intention to build the garden,the scenery in the garden and the ancient sages corresponding to each scenic spot,so that each scenic spot not only has scenery to admire,but also contains philos

43、ophical implications.However,Chou Yings Picture of the Unique Paradise.is a painter who spanning a century,presents Sima Guangs Unique Paradise Garden to us in a visual way.This is the vitality of the Chinese garden.Although the garden is not there,its artistic conception has always been contained i

44、n words and pictures.I hope that through todays class,everyone can feel the wonder of Chinese gardens!I will not make a summary here.Ill see you next time.何如何如独乐独乐园以文传园以文传、园以画传园以画传 各位同学大家好，在上一讲的沧浪亭中，我就讲过一个知识点“人在园在，人走园荒”。说的就是人在中国园林传承中的重要性，由于中国园林中的建筑大多为木质结构，如果没有人的介入。大多数的园林都会消失在历史的长河之中，仅有少数得以保存下来。所以，园林

45、史里有两个词叫一个叫“园以文传”、一个叫“园以画传”，怎么理解这两词呢？我来举个例子，我们知道现代很多同学喜欢发朋友圈。其实古人也是一样的！当然古人不会发朋友圈，但他们会通过另外一种方式。什么呢？就是园记和游记。我们首先来讲园记，园记其实就是园主人在造园之后所写的记，我们往往可以从园记了解到园主人为什么要造这个园、为什么要选在这个地方造园、园林周边环境的情况以及建园初期园内景致。那游记呢，则是到园林游玩过的人，有感而发所写的文章或诗句，有点类似今天微博、朋友圈打卡的感觉。我们知道朋友圈还有一个很重要的功能就是好友相互点赞。其实古人也会，不过会比较麻烦一点。怎么操作呢？园主人写完园记之后，往往寄

46、给挚友，邀请他来品评观赏唱和，比如我们上节课讲的欧阳修的沧浪亭其实就是对苏舜钦沧浪亭记的唱和。或专门给人题写，如中国赏石文化中最为重要的一篇名作太湖石记就是白居易为牛僧儒所题写。而我们朋友圈的照片功能呢，古人也是可以实现的！对，就是绘画。比如乾隆就特别珍爱倪瓒所绘狮子林图，喜爱到什么程度呢？他命人却去找狮子林在那，找到后狮子林已为黄氏家族所有更更名为涉园，而且园林也破旧不堪。于是，他又命工匠按图修园，修好之后他就携图游园，就是拿着图去游园，展图观园，就是在园内将图展开，园图一一对应观赏。赏到动情之时，更是亲自在园内，亲自摹写倪瓒的狮子林图将图留存于狮子林内，因为他认为开始有图无园是憾事，现在狮

47、子林园中无图也是憾事，将他临摹的图留下刚好图景两全。可见在古人的观念里，园与画其实是一体的。作为“题款狂人”与“盖章狂人”的乾隆在狮子林图画心处留下多个题款与印章如：“故址虽存，已屡易为黄氏涉园。今尚能指为狮子林者，独赖有斯图耳。”可见图在园林源流的考证中的重要性。又从“早知狮子林，传自倪高士”，可见他一直认为狮子林为倪瓒所建，但在若干年后，当他得到徐贲狮子林十二景图册页时，才发现自己弄错了狮子林的源流。狮子林园林其实是维则法师所建的。于是他专门又在画尾加以题字澄清：“瓒自记为如海因公作，是狮林原佛字，以讹传讹，遂成倪迂别业，误矣。”可见中国的园林的源流的复杂性，你看就连皇帝也弄错。正如郑元勋

48、在园冶的题注中所写：“古人百艺，皆传之于书，独无传造园者。”就是说其他的技艺都可以通过文字描述，但唯独没有造园。这句一方面表明，园林屡经易主、损毁、重建，其源流难以考证；另一方面则是指园林造园的精髓，将园主人精神感悟我们古人称之为“道”用园林这个“物”表述出来，这个过程本身就非常难以用文字表达出来。这就是我们所说中国园林“园以文传”、“园以画传”。下面，我们来看一下独乐园，虽然独乐园已不存于世，但它却是一个完美将“园以文传”与“园以画传”两者结合的经典案例。独乐园的主人是我们小时候耳熟能详的的故事司马光砸缸中的那个小男孩司马光。如果要用一个字总结独乐园的造园特色，那就是小。那独乐园有多小呢？我

49、们可以看看北宋人李格非所写的游记 洛阳名园记 中对独乐园的描述：“司马温公在洛阳，自号迂叟，谓其园曰独乐园。”司马光在洛阳建了一座园子名独乐园。“园卑小，不可与他园班。”园子特别小，不可与其它园林相比。“其曰读书堂者，数十椽屋”园中主体建筑名读书堂，为一个数十椽屋，椽是古代房屋间数的代称。“浇花亭者，益小；弄水种竹轩者，尤小”还有个景点叫浇花亭很小，弄水轩与种竹斋就更小了。“曰见山台者，高不过寻丈”见山台不过寻丈，寻丈指的是八尺到一丈之间，而宋代一尺大概就 30cm 左右，也就是说建山台高度也就在 2.4-3 米之间。可见独乐园面积不大，景点也不多，是一个典型的“以少胜多”园子。李格非接着又写

50、了：“诸亭台诗颇行于世。所以为人欣慕者，不在于园耳。”也就说他认为独乐园之所以“为人所慕”，是因为司马光的名气，毕竟司马光砸缸的故事可是妇孺皆知的故事，再加上司马光写的园记与园林题诗的广为流传，正应了那句“园以人胜”。虽然园林已不存在了，但后世不断有诗文、绘画对其进行追忆描绘，下面我们就结合司马光的独乐园记与独乐园七题，以及元代画家仇英独乐园图一起来领略一下，独乐园的风采。开始前我先介绍一下大背景，司马光作为北宋新旧党争的核心人物，宋神宗即位后大力支持以王安石为首革新派，而司马光与王安石政见相左，在当时党争最为激烈之时，司马光自感在东京难以立足，只得远离政治中心退居洛阳。独乐园就是在这一大背景