WesternCivilization全英文西 (31).pdf

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1、4.1 Pax Romana 1Hi guys,now we start a new chapter-Chapter Four:Ancient Roman Civilization-the second part,and we start it from Pax Romana.1.On January 16,27 BC the Senate gave Octavian the new titles of Augustus and Princeps.Augustus in Latin means venerable,majestic,and superior;Princeps means the

2、 first citizen.This marked the end of Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire;Octavianbecame the first emperor until his death in 14 AD at the age of 75.This period we called Augustan age.2.The Augustan ageThis is the map of the Roman Empire under Augustus.Yellow part represents the ext

3、ent of the Republic in 31 BC,green represents territoriesconquered by Augustus,and pink areas represent client states.A client state is a state that is economically,politically,or militarily subordinate to orcontrolled by another more powerful state.3.Julius Caesar was Octavians maternal great-uncle

4、.They have the same first name Gaius.When Octavian was born,Caesar named him andmade him as his adopted son and heir.After the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC,Octavian formed the second Triumvirate with MarkAntony and Lepidus.He finally defeated the other two and started a new era:the Pax Ro

5、mana or Pax Augusta.The Pax Romana in Latin meaningRoman Peace.It was a two-hundred-year long period of relatively peaceful time from the Augustan age starting from 27 BC to 192AD,markedby the assassination of Commodus,the last emperor of NervaAntonine Dynasty.Pax was the Roman goddess of peace,came

6、 from the Greekgoddess Eirene.Pax was one of Augustuss favorite deities;a deity is a god or goddess.Worship of Pax was organized during the rule ofAugustus.4.In 13AD the Senate ordered to build an altar of Pax called Altar of Augustan Peace.The purpose was to honor Augustus because the Senatebelieve

7、d Romans were grateful for Augustus giving them harmony,prosperity and peace.An altar is a structure upon which offerings such assacrifices are made for religious purposes.5.This relief from the Alter of Augustan Peace.We can see the goddess Pax sits there holding two happy babies and she is looking

8、 at them withlove.This was the symbol of the Pax Romana.6.Augustus made some reforms.He reduced the member of Senators from 1,000 to 600,and made the membership hereditary;it could passdown to their sons.The Senate actually became the emperors useful subordinate.He disbanded some legions.The number

9、of legions reducedfrom 60 to 28,all under absolute command of Augustus himself.And he established a small elite unit,the Praetorian Guard whose members servedas personal bodyguards to the Roman emperor.Augustan age has three famous poets and a famous historian.7.Virgil 70-19 BCThis is an image of Vi

10、rgil wearing a laurel wreath,a symbol of victory and honor.Virgil used his poems to glorify Augustus and the new age.Hisepic the Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome.Modeled after Homers Iliad and Odyssey,the Aeneid told the heroicstory of Aeneas,the son of a Trojan prince an

11、d the goddess Aphrodite,Roman name Venus.After the fall of Troy,he led some survivorsunderwent a series of adventures around the Mediterranean Sea,and finally arrived Italy.He was the first true hero of Rome,and an ancestor ofRomulus and Remus.The founder of Rome.The Aeneid is full of prophecies abo

12、ut the future of Rome including the victories of Augustus;theshield of Aeneas even depicts Augustus would defeat Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BC.Aeneas once entered the underworld,there he was told by his father about the mission of Rome:remember,Romans,your task is to rule the people.T

13、his will be your art:to teach thehabit of peace,to spare the defeated and to subdue the haughty.8.Both Virgil and Horace(65-8BC)were patronized by Augustus.Horace was the leading lyric poet during the time of Augustus.His poemsdirectly glorify Augustus and the new age.In his works Augustus was almos

14、t a god;his victories were compared to the great heroes of the Romanlegend.His most famous work is The Odes,a collection in four books of Latin lyric poems.An ode is a poem,especially one that is written inpraise of a particular person,thing,or event.The most frequent themes of his Odes are love,fri

15、endship,philosophy,and the art of poet.9.Ovid(43-71)was the greatest Latin poet of erotic love.Augustus favored Virgil and Horace but disliked Ovid.He was sent by Augustus intoexile in a remote province on the Black Sea,where he remained until his death.His famous Metamorphoses is a narrative poem c

16、onsisting of 15books and over 250 myths,telling the history of the world from its creation to the time of Julius Caesar.The Art of love consists of three books.The purpose of these poems was to teach the art of seduction and adultery.Seduction is an act of winning the love or sexual favor of someone

17、,adultery is having sex with someone out of marriage.The first two books teach men how to seduce women and how to keep a lover.The thirdbook teaches women seduction techniques.10.Livy(59-17AD)was a great historian at the Augustan age.His only surviving work is the History of Rome telling the history

18、 of Rome fromthe earliest legends through the death of Augustus in Livys own time.He recorded the chaos of numerous civil wars,and the moral corruption ofthe Roman Republic.He praised Roman heroism in order to promote the new type of government of Augustus.In the preface of this book he saidthat he

19、did not care whether his personal fame remained in darkness,what he cared was his work could help to preserve the memory of the deedsof the worlds preeminent nation.11.Julio-Claudian DynastyThe Pax Romana lasted for 200 years,mainly consisted of three dynasties.The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the fir

20、st consisting of five emperors,they ruled the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 68 AD when the last emperor Nero committed suicide.The name Julio-Claudian dynasty is derivedfrom the two imperial families:the gens Julia and gens Claudia.Gens means family.These are the five emperors:Augustus(27 BC14 AD),1Tib

21、erius(1437),Caligula(3741),Claudius(4154),and Nero(5468).12.Neros rule is usually associated with very cruel tyranny and extravagance.His personality was vicious and paranoid,extremely suspiciousand afraid of other people.It seems he cared only two things.One was murdering.He killed his mother,wife,

22、aunt and his tutors and generals.Theother one was spending a lot of money and time to show and to make people believe he was a great poet,actor,singer and athlete.13.Great Fire of Rome 64ADAccording to Roman historian Tacitus(c.56 c.120 AD),in 64AD Nero secretly sent out men pretending to be drunk t

23、o set fire to the city.ThisGreat Fire of Rome lasted for six days.Nero watched the fire from his palace on the Palatine Hill.The same time he was singing.The firedestroyed 3 of the 14 Roman districts and severely damaged 7 more.14.Nero blamed the Christian community in the city for the fire,and star

24、ted the first persecution against the Christians by the Roman Empire.Many Christians were killed by being thrown to the beasts,crucified,and being burned alive.This painting shows Christians were crucified andbeing burned alive.15.The Year of the Four Emperors 69 ADNeros cruelty and tyranny caused a

25、nger across the Empire.Finally the desperate commanders in Gaul,Spain and Africa revolted.This was thefirst civil war of the Roman Empire.Nero committed suicide.The Year of 69 was called the year of Four Emperors.Four emperors ruled insuccession:Galba,Otho,Vitellius,and Vespasian.And Vespasian finally restored the order who became the first Emperor of a new dynasty,theFlavian Dynasty.16.Lets look at Key words:Julius Caesar,Pax Romana,Virgil,Ovid,Nero.This is the first part of chapter four.2