WesternCivilization全英文西 (61).pdf

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1、7.1.The Thirty Years War 1618-16481.The Thirty Years War was one of the longest and most destructive wars in human history.It was fought in Central Europe between 1618 and1648.It was the deadliest of the European religious wars.Initially it was a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in

2、 the fragmentedHoly Roman Empire,and then gradually developed into a more general international conflict involving most of the European great powers.The warended by the Peace of Westphalia which recognized the coexistence of the two religions in Europe,Protestant in the north and Catholic in thesout

3、h.2.The Great Miseries of War are a series of 18 etchings蚀刻版画 by French artist Jacques Callot.They were published in 1632 during theThirty Years War.And this is the most famous one titled The Hanging.It was so horrible.The Thirty Years War is the deadliest religious war inthe history of Europe,it ki

4、lled 8 million people.3.The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty signed in 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and theSchmalkaldic League,a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire.It officially granted states within the Empire the right tochoose

5、 either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official religion of their state.Ferdinand II was elected King of Bohemia in 1617Charles V was from the House of Habsburg,he was King of Spain from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire from 1519,and he died in 1558.Hisson Philip II was the King of Spain from

6、 1556 to 1598,and the son of Philip II,Philip III was Spanish king from 1598 to 1621.At the beginning ofthe Thirty Years War,Matthias,the Holy Roman Emperor from 1612-1619,also from the House of Habsburg.He was also the King of Bohemiafrom 1611.Matthias was childless;he wanted his cousin Ferdinand t

7、o succeed him.He first made Ferdinand elected the king of Bohemia.Ferdinand was a very devout Catholic.When he violated Protestant religious rights,the Protestants in bohemia revolted.4.Defenestration of Prague Defenestration in Latin means throw out of the window.On May 23,1618,a group of protestan

8、t noblemen marched to the royal palace.Theycaught two kings Regents and their secretary and threw them out of window from the third floor.This event,known as the Defenestration ofPrague,marked the beginning the Bohemian Revolt.This is the building today,called the New City Hall.5.Frederick V,the Win

9、ter King of Bohemia 1619-to 1620After the defenestration,both Protestant Bohemians and Catholic Habsburgs started gathering allies for war.When Matthias died in 1619,Ferdinand II was elected Holy Roman Emperor.The Bohemians deposed him as King of Bohemia.Frederick V,one of the Protestant electorswas

10、 accepted as king of Bohemia.Frederick wife Elizabeth was a daughter of the Protestant James I,King of England,Scotland and Ireland.In the Battle of White Mountain on November 8,1620,Fredericks Bohemian army was defeated by the army of the holy Roman EmperorFerdinand II.Frederick and his queen fled

11、to Denmark.He was called the Winter King because the short time of his kingship.After this battlethe Ferdinands army soon conquered Bohemia.He was still the king of Bohemia.His mercenaries were allowed to sacked Prague for a week,Protestants were killed and repressed,and Bohemia again became part of

12、 the Habsburg land.The Battle was a turning point;it sent a warning toall the Protestant countries:if they didnt unite to fight,Bohemia would be their future.6.This is the Battle of White Mountain7.Danish intervention 16251630The war widened.One side was the Catholic League led by Holy Roman Emperor

13、 Ferdinand II and Spanish king Philip III,they all from theHabsburg family.The other side was a grand Protestant alliance led by the Danish King Christian.This alliance included England,Holland,andsome Protestant German states.This alliance was secretly supported by France.France was a Catholic stat

14、e but if Spain controlled Holland andother territories to its eastern border,France would be encircled by the Spanish army.For the security of its eastern border France secretlysupported this Protestant alliance.To France the national interest was more important than the purity of religion.In 1626 l

15、ed by Count Albrecht theCatholic army defeated the Danish army led by King Christian.Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II ordered all Protestant states must return toCatholic.This order actually made all Protestant states untied more closely to fight for their survival.8.Swedish intervention 16301635Gust

16、avus Adolphus was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 who is credited for the founding of Sweden as a great power.After the Danes,Swedish became the leader of the Protestant alliance.In 1630 Swedish army led by King Gustavus Adolphus intervened.Brandenburg andSaxony united with Sweden to attack the

17、 Catholic Bohemia.They soon took Prague.9.In 1632 at the Battle of Ltzen in Saxony the Protestant army defeated the Catholic army.It was a victory of Protestants although each sidelost more than 10,000 people,but the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus was seriously wounded and died.That day the battlefi

18、eld was coveredby a heavy fog,since then in the Swedish language the phrase Ltzen fog had been used to describe particularly heavy fog.10.Dutch Revolt and French interventionIn 1609 Spain and Netherlands signed the Twelve Years Truce which stopped the war and tacitly recognized the existence of Dutc

19、h Republic orUnited Provinces or Holland in the north of the Netherland.In 1621 twelve years past,Spain again declared war on Holland.The Dutch Revolt1entered into final stage.Dutch navy attacked the Spanish colonies in the Americas.In 1628 the Dutch captured the entire Spanish treasure fleet asit s

20、ailed back from the New World.The Southern Netherland allied itself with the Dutch Republic against Spain.In 1635 guided by his chiefminister Cardinal Richelieu,the French king Louis declared war on Spain and invaded Netherlands.By the end of the war in 1648,large areasof the Southern Netherlands ha

21、d been lost to France.Spain faced another crisis at home:Portuguese rose up against the union with Spain.In 1640Kingdom of Portugal won their independence again.11.Peace of WestphaliaThe Thirty Years War was ended by the Peace of Westphalia,a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1

22、648 in theWestphalian cities of Osnabrck and Mnster.Westphalia was a region within the state of Saxony.These treaties not only finished the war whichtook 8 million lives but also established the outlines of the political geography of Europe for the next century.All parties recognized the Peace ofAug

23、sburg of 1555,in which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state.The Catholics and Protestants nowcoexisted,Protestant in the northwest Europe including England,Holland,Scandinavia and the north German states;Catholic in the south Europe.The Dutch Republic,the Switz

24、erland and Portugal gained their independence.South Netherland still controlled by Spain.Habsburgs continuedcontrol of both Bohemia and Hungry.Sweden gained further territories on the Baltic and France kept vital towns in the Lower Palatinate,fear ofencircled by Spain ended.Holland and Sweden became

25、 new power while Spain and Demark weakened,and Russia began a long period ofisolation from the West Europe.12.Westphalian sovereigntyThe concept of state sovereignty is originated from the Peace of Westphalia.State sovereignty is the principle in international law that each nationstate has exclusive

26、 sovereignty over its territory.The principle is enshrined in the United Nations Charter,which stated that nothing shouldauthorize intervention in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.Every state,no matter how large or small,has an equalright to sovereignty.13.Key words:The Thirty Years War,Defenestration of Prague,Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus,Peace of Westphalia,Westphaliansovereignty2