(3.1)--supplementarymaterial1.pdf

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1、The Toulmin Method In order for your argument to be persuasive,you should use an organizational structure that the audience perceives as both logical and easy to parse.The Toulmin Method is one of the most popular models for organizing an argument.First proposed by author Stephen Toulmin in The Uses

2、 of Argument(1958),the Toulmin Method emphasizes building a thorough support structure for each of an arguments key claims.The basic format for the Toulmin Method is as follows:Claim:In this section,you explain your overall thesis on the subject.In other words,you make your main argument.Data(Ground

3、s):You should use evidence to support the claim.In other words,provide the reader with facts that prove your argument is strong.Warrant(Bridge):In this section,you explain why or how your data supports the claim.As a result,the underlying assumption that you build your argument on is grounded in rea

4、son.Backing(Foundation):Here,you provide any additional logic or reasoning that may be necessary to support the warrant.Counterclaim:You should anticipate a counterclaim that negates the main points in your argument.Dont avoid arguments that oppose your own.Instead,become familiar with the opposing

5、perspective.If you respond to counterclaims,you appear unbiased(and,therefore,you earn the respect of your readers).You may even want to include several counterclaims to show that you have thoroughly researched the topic.Rebuttal:In this section,you incorporate your own evidence that disagrees with

6、the counterclaim.It is essential to include a thorough warrant or bridge to strengthen your essays argument.If you present data to your audience without explaining how it supports your thesis,your readers may not make a connection between the two,or they may draw different conclusions.Example of the

7、 Toulmin Method:Claim:Hybrid cars are an effective strategy to fight pollution.Data1:Driving a private car is a typical citizens most air-polluting activity.Warrant 1:Due to the fact that cars are the largest source of private(as opposed to industrial)air pollution,switching to hybrid cars should ha

8、ve an impact on fighting pollution.Data 2:Each vehicle produced is going to stay on the road for roughly 12 to 15 years.Warrant 2:Cars generally have a long lifespan,meaning that the decision to switch to a hybrid car will make a long-term impact on pollution levels.Data 3:Hybrid cars combine a gaso

9、line engine with a battery-powered electric motor.Warrant 3:The combination of these technologies produces less pollution.Counterclaim:Instead of focusing on cars,which still encourages an inefficient culture of driving even as it cuts down on pollution,the nation should focus on building and encour

10、aging the use of mass transit systems.Rebuttal:While mass transit is an idea that should be encouraged,it is not feasible in many rural and suburban areas,or for people who must commute to work.Thus,hybrid cars are a better solution for much of the nations population.(Adapted from“How can I effectively present my argument?”on https:/owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/establishing_arguments/organizing_your_argument.html)