HistoryofWesternCivilizationbefo (39).pdf

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1、4.5 The Fall of the Roman EmpireHi,this is the last part of the chapter four.We gonna say goodbye to the Roman Empire,the Fall of the Roman Empire.1.In 286,Diocletian introduced the new form of government Tetrarchy,the empire was divided into two parts and ruled by four emperors.Constantine ruled bo

2、th west and east for a short time.Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the east and the west Empire from 379 to395.After his death in 395,the empire was permanently divided between the West and the East by his two incapable sons.Western Empire,there was a big problem:The Barbarian invas

3、ions.2.The Huns were a nomadic people,some historians believed they were the decedents of the Xiongnu(匈奴),nomadic peoples north andnorthwest of China during the Eastern Zhou and Han dynasty from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.In the second half of the 4thcentury Huns migrated from Cen

4、tral Asia towards Eastern Europe.They quickly destroyed the Gothic confederation.Visigoths,the western branch of the Goths were driven away from their land and seek assistance from the Roman Empire and they were allowedto settle along the Danube River area.But they soon rose up against the Romans.In

5、 378 they defeated an imperial army and killed the Romanemperor and in 410 they captured Rome and sacked it for three days.Finally,they left,moved to southern Gaul and Spain and built the Visigothickingdom there with the Roman emperors approval.The Vandals were another east Germanic people.They cros

6、sed over the empire and conquered Africa.In 455 they sacked Rome much morethoroughly than the Visigoths did in 410.3.Attila and the pope.Attila frequently called Attila the Hun,was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453.In 452,he led his armyinvaded the Roman Empire.He defeated the Ro

7、man army but was stopped by the bishop of Rome,Pope Leo I before the gate of Rome.Whatthey talked was unknown but after the conversation Attila withdrew.It was the Pope not the emperor saved the city.This incident showed howpowerful the papacy was.The papacy is the position,power,and authority of th

8、e Pope.After the death of Attila,the confederation of Hunscollapsed.4.Fall of RomeOn September 4,476,Odoacer,a military leader deposed Romulus,the Western Roman Emperor.Romulus was forced to give up his position.And Odoacer became the first King of Italy.Odoacer was not a Roman but of barbarian dece

9、nt from an East Germanic tribe called Scirii.Although his real power was in Italy,he represented himself as the client of the eastern empire emperor in Constantinople.The deposition ofRomulus marks the end of the Roman Empire in the West,and the end of Ancient Rome,and the beginning of the Middle Ag

10、es in WesternEurope.5.Rise of MuslimNow,lets look at Rise of Muslim.The Abrahamic religions refer to three monotheistic religions all from one source,Abraham.They all claimAbraham as a prophet and their common forefather.Judaism founded in the 7th century BCE,Christianity in the 1st century CE,and I

11、slam in the7th century CE.These are the symbols of the three largest Abrahamic religions:the Jewish Star of David,the Christian cross,and the Islamic starand crescent.Islam is the second-largest and the fastest-growing religion in the world.It has 1.6 billion followers,almost a quarter of worldpopul

12、ation.6.The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia,home to about 12%of the worlds Muslims,followed by Pakistan(11.0%),Bangladesh(9.2%),and Egypt(4.9%).About 20%of the worlds Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa.Middle East,North Africa.7.Muhammad c.570 632 was born in the Ara

13、bian city of Mecca,his father died almost six months before he was born.At around 20 yearsold Muhammad became the business manager of a wealthy widow Khadijah whom he later married.In his thirtieth he began to spend long times tomeditation in a mountain cave called Hira.In 610 at the age of 40 he cl

14、aimed being visited by an angel in the cave,where he received revelationfrom God Allah.The angel told him:O Muhammad!You are the Messenger of God.Muslims believe the holy book Quran was verballyrevealed by God to Muhammad through the angel.On September 24,622,Muhammad and his followers migrated from

15、 Mecca to Medina.Thisjourney called the Hijra,marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar,the Hijri Calendar.Eight years later Muhammad led his army came back toMecca and conquered it.By his death in 632,most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.A Muslim empire called Caliphate wasestabli

16、shed and started to expansion.Muhammads father-in-law Abu Bakr became the first caliph.A caliph was a Muslim ruler meaningsuccessor of the messenger of God.8.From this map we can see the expansion of the Muslim empire.You can see the expansion under Muhammad,and also the next part is theRashidun Cal

17、iphs 1,and the next part expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate.9.Sunni and ShiaThere are two major branches of Islam.Sunni came from the Arabic word Sunnah meaning the custom and practice based on Muhammads wordsand deeds.Sunni believes Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim

18、community acted according to his Sunnah in electinghis father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph.Shia in Arabic meaning followers of Ali”,they believe the successor of Muhammad is Ali,the cousinand the son-in-law of Muhammad.Today 8590%of the worlds Muslims are Sunni and 1015%is Shia.110.Look at th

19、is map Shia makes the majority of population in Iraq,Bahrain,Lebanon,Iran and Azerbaijan.11.Muslim prohibits idolatry.Idolatry means the worship of an idol.Muslims believe visual depictions of the prophets should be prohibited because the use of images canencourage idolatry.This is why the images of

20、 the prophets are extremely rare both within and outside Islam.The images of prophets made by non-Muslims could always made Muslims feel uncomfortable and offensive even they are tended to be favorable or neutral.Recent years there wereseveral Muslim terrorist attacks happened in Europe caused by th

21、e publication of controversial Muhammad cartoons.Someone even drewMuhammad as a dog.Of-course we condemn the terrorism but I think these cartons should not be published.The tensions between the Westernand Islamic world is already getting worse every day.Dont add fuel to the fire.All cultures are equ

22、al.Mutual respect is more important today.Confucius said“What you do not want done to yourself,do not do to others”.12.The Byzantine Empire also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium,Byzantium was the ancient Greek name of the capitalcity Constantinople,modern-day Istanbul,Turkey.Act

23、ually,the Byzantine Empire or the Eastern Roman Empire was the terms used by thehistorians after the end of the Empire.Romans at that time still used the name Roman Empire.Latin was used by the Western Roman Empire andthe east was Hellenistic world,from the early sixth century Geek became the offici

24、al language.The east had always been more urbanized andcivilized than the west.The administration was carried by a vast bureaucracy composed by military and civilian officials.The most importantpositions at court were occupied by eunuchs.A eunuch is a man whose testicles had been removed.The extensi

25、ve use of eunuchs was one of thereasons to the survival of absolutist authority of the emperor.The real political power remained in the hands of emperor and civilian officials insteadof the military commanders like in the west.13.Justinian I also known as Saint Justinian the Great was the Eastern Ro

26、man emperor from 527 to 565.He was the emperor who never slept.His time was a distinct epoch in the history of the Later Roman Empire.He reconquered many former territories of the Western Roman Empire,including Italy,Dalmatia,Africa,and southern Hispania.Justinians jurist composed the Justinian Code

27、 which remains today the foundation of mostof European countrys legal system.14.This is the map of the empire during Justinians rule.You see he re-conquered many parts of the empire.15.Justinian also built this famous church Hagia Sophia in Greek meaning Holy Wisdom,it served as an Eastern Orthodox

28、cathedral and theseat of the Patriarch of Constantinople.Patriarch of Constantinople was the top Christian leader in the Eastern Empire,like Pope in the west.Afterthe fall of Constantinople,it became an Ottoman imperial mosque and now a museum.16.The Fall of ConstantinopleThe territory reconquered b

29、y Justinian I held for two more centuries.During the Early Muslim conquests of the seventh century the empire lost itsrichest provinces Egypt and Syria to the Arabs.During the Macedonian dynasty in 10th11th centuries,the empire again expanded and after theBattle of Manzikert in 1071.The empire lost

30、much of Asia Minor to the Turks.The empire recovered again and by the 12th centuryConstantinople was the largest and wealthiest European city.During the Fourth Crusade,Constantinople was sacked in 1204 by crusaders.Although Constantinople was recovered in 1261,the Byzantine Empire remained only one

31、of several small rival states in the area for the two morecenturies.Its remaining territories were gradually conquered by the Ottomans over the 14th and 15th century.The Ottoman Empire also known asthe Turkish Empire was a state that conquered much of Southeast Europe,Western Asia and North Africa b

32、etween the 14th and early 20thcenturies.Finally,in 1453 Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople.The Fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and theend of the Roman Empire.17.Now,lets look at the key words:Fall of Rome,Muhammad,Sunni and Shia,The Byzantine Empire,Fall of Constan

33、tinople.Now,questions of this chapter1.Give a brief introduction of Pax Romana.2.Tell the stories of Genesis,Exodus and Jesus Christ.How did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire?3.Who are Germanic people?How their invasions changed the Roman world?And now this is the finish of the chapter four.And now we say goodbye to the Ancient Rome.And from next chapter,we will go to the MiddleAges.2