高中英语语法词法知识讲解连系动词 讲义-高考英语一轮复习.docx
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1、高中英语语法词法知识讲解-连系动词(即系动词)一、概念:连系动词(link verb)是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须后接表语(通常为名词或形容词)。二、特点:连系动词的功能主要是把表语(名词、形容词、某些副词、非谓词、介词短语、从句)和它的主语联系在一起,说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它有自己的但不完全的词义,不能在句中独立作谓语,必须和后面的表语一起构成句子的谓语。它是虚词。三、分类:系动词分类如下:1. 根据系动词后所跟结构,可以把英语系动词分为两大类:完全系动词(其后只能跟表语的动词,如be, seem)和半系动词(其后既可跟表语作系动词用法,也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用,如look)
2、eg.He looked sad at the news.(“看起来”,系动词用法) He looked sadly at the boy.(“看着”,实义动词用法)2. 根据系动词的意义,我们把英语系动词分为几类:A感官系动词:表示“起来”,有feel(摸起来,感觉) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , taste(尝起来,吃起来) 等; 五大感官系动词,描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来,都是半系动词。eg. This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布摸起来很软。He looks honest, but actually hes
3、 a rogue. 他看起来很老实,实际他是一个坏蛋。They all look alike to me. 他们的模样我看起来都一样。Everybody feels contented. 每个人都感到很满足。Ice feels cold. 冰感觉起来是凉的。Silk feels soft and smooth. 丝绸摸起来很柔软平滑。It sounds a good idea. 这听起来是个好主意。This food tastes good. 这菜好吃。(1) look“看起来像是”,后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。(2) smell“闻起来”,sound“听起来”,taste“
4、尝起来”等后接分词。eg.The apples taste very good.这些苹果很好吃。(3) feel“摸起来,给感觉”;“觉得”,后接adj./p.p. 。eg. You will feel better after a nights sleep.睡上一晚,你会觉得好些。B状态系动词:be,feel,taste,sound,smell。(1) be,“是”,属完全系动词。状态系动词:只有be一词。eg. I am a student.我是一个学生。She is always like that. 她总是那样。I am used to going about alone. 我习惯于独
5、来独往。These shoes are too tight for me. 这双鞋我穿太小(2) seem,“似乎,好像”,完全系动词。eg. They seem quite happy.他们似乎很快乐。(3) appear,“显得,看起来好像”,半系动词。eg. It appeared(to be)a true story.看来这是一个真实的故事。(5) prove “证明是”,半系动词,后接adj.n.。eg. The treatment proved to be successful.这种疗法证明是成功的。C.持续系动词:表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, remain,
6、 stay, rest, lie, stand , continue等。eg.I hope youll keep fit. 我希望你身体好。He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。The door remained closed. 门仍然关着。We can remain friends. 我们可以继续做朋友。Please stay seated. 请继续坐着。He stayed single. 他仍然是单身。remain,“仍是”,半系动词。eg.I remained silent. 我仍然缄默。stay“保持(某种状态)”,半系动词,后接adj
7、.或过去分词。 D. 表像系动词:表示“看起来好像”,主要有seem, appear, look等。eg.He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) quite happy. 他好像很快活。The doctor seemed very capable. 那医生似乎很能干。 He appeared quite well. 他显得身体相当好。He appeared taken aback. 他似乎很吃惊。 She appeared perplexed. 她显得迷惑不解。E变化系动词(也叫动态系动词):表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, tur
8、n, fall, get, go, come, run等。eg.He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。 She had grown thinner and thinner. 她越来越瘦了。His cold was growing worse. 他的感冒越来越严重了。 Hes grown used to it. 他对此已经习惯。Shes growing fat. 她正在发胖。 When she saw this, she turned red. 她看到这,脸红了。His hair turned grey in a few weeks. 在几个星期中他头发就变灰白了
9、。The milk will soon turn sour. 牛奶很快就会变酸。 Several people fell ill, victims of blood poisoning. 几个人生病了,都是血中毒的受害者。1. We get wiser as we get old. 随着年岁的增长,我们也变得聪明些了。 Your hair has gone quite white! 你的头发全白了! She went pale at the news. 听到这消息,她脸色变得苍白。 The children must not go hungry. 孩子们不能挨饿。 When I mention
10、ed it to him he went red. 我对他提及此事时他脸红了。 He went mad. 他疯了(from )。become, get, grow, turn, fall, go, come, run都属于半系动词,描述状态变化过程。(1) get“变成,变得起来”,后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。The train didnt get going again.火车还没重新启动。 (2) fall“进入(某种状态),成为”,后常接以下形容词:asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat.eg. My father fell ill and died.
11、我的父亲生病死了。(3) grow“渐渐变得起来,长得” eg. Its growing warm.天气渐渐暖和起来了。(4) turn“转变成(新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质),变质(色)”。eg. Maple trees turn red in autumn.枫叶在秋天变红了。 He has turned writer.他已成为一个作家。(注意:此时writer之前无冠词a.)(5) go,“变成(某种坏的状态)” eg. The telephone has gone dead.电话不通了。 The tire went flat.轮胎瘪了。go之后常接的adj. 如:bad, blind,
12、 wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry, mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey, naked等。.(6) become“变成,成为(好坏均可的情况)” eg.It became dark.天气晚了。/ They became good friends.他们成了好朋友。(7) come,“变成为(已知的状态),证实为”,后常接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作表语,表示状态或情况的变化。常接形容词:apart, dear(昂贵),natural, open, short, right(好了),unstuck(没有粘住)
13、,untied(松开)。eg. His wish to become a pilot has come true.他想当飞行员的愿望实现了。(8) run,“变成”,后接adj. eg.The well has run dry.这井已经变干了。 eg. The price ran high.价格上升了。(9) make,“达到某种状态后接形容词,如sure, certain, merry, bold, free eg. We must make certain of facts.我们一定要弄清事实。(10) 表示主语已终止动作(也叫终止系动词),主要有turn out(结果是、证明是), pr
14、ove表达证实,变成之意。:eg.His story proved false. 他讲的情况原来是假的。The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。His advice proved sound. 他的劝告证明是对的My intuition turned out to be correct. 我的直觉证明是对的。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果) . prove “证明是”,半系动词,后接adj.n.。eg. The treatment proved to be successful.这种疗法证
15、明是成功的。F双谓语系动词:此类系动词既有系动词的功能,后接表语,又保留原实义动词本身的含义。eg.The run rose red.太阳升起红艳艳。He married young.他结婚很早。The window blew open.窗户吹开了。He continued silent.他继续沉默不语。四、归纳:下面归纳一下英语系动词的用法:连系动词基本用法:连系动词是表示不完全谓语关系的动词,它与其后的表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有be(是),become(成为),get(变成),remain(还是),seem(似乎是),look(看上去),feel(感觉)等。连系动词后的表语通常是名
16、词和形容词,有时也可以是代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等:eg.His English is excellent. 他的很棒。(跟形容词) He is a famous poet. 他是著名诗人。(跟名词)Money isnt everything金钱不是一切。(跟代词)She was the first to arrive她是第一个到达的人。(跟数词)Who is upstairs? 谁在楼上?(跟副词)He is with his friends. 他和朋友在一起。(跟介词短语)He seems to be ill. 他似乎病了。(跟不定式)Seeing is belie
17、ving. 眼见为实。(跟动名词)This is what you need. 这就是你需要的。(跟从句)五、连系动词使用应注意以下几点:1. 关于连系动词后接形容词或副词作表语: 连系动词后通常可接形容词作表语,一般不接副词。eg.误:His English is very well. 他的很好。(应将well改为good)误:Be carefully. 小心点。(应将carefully改为careful)误:The soup tastes nicely. 这汤味道不错。(应将nicely改为nice) He felt comfortably here. (应将comfortably改为co
18、mfortable)但是,有时连系动词后也可接副词作表语,不过这主要限于in, on, off, out, away, behind, up, down, over, through, around, round, below, inside, outside 等少数副词小品词以及here, there, upstairs, downstairs等少数表示地点或方位的副词:eg. Mother wasnt in last night. 母亲昨晚不在家。 The meeting was over at five. 会议五点结束。2.Come along. The taxi is outside.
19、 来吧,出租车在外面。 Mother is downstairs waiting for you. 母亲在楼下等你。2. 关于连系动词后接不定式:(1) 连系动词be后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语:eg. My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。All I could do was to wait. 我只能等。My plan was to go from London to Paris. 我计划从伦敦去巴黎。I was to have seen Mr Kay. 我本要去见凯先生的。(2) seem, appear, prove, continue
20、, turn out, get, grow, come 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)作表语:eg. She always seems to be sad. 她常常显得很忧伤。My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证明是错的。She appears to have many friends. 他好像有很多朋友。The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。Circumstances continue to be favorable. 情况仍然是有利的。He has grown to like ing Englis
21、h. 他渐渐喜欢学了。【注】若所接不定式为to be,通常可以省略。不过,若其后接的是表语形容词,则to be通常不宜省略。另外,连系动词look后能否接to be似乎尚有争论,不过,在现代中接to be的现象已较普遍。(3) sound, smell, feel, taste, become等连系动词后通常不能接不定式:eg. 误:These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉to be) 误:The roses smell to be nice. (应去掉to be)(4) 有的连系动词后接的从句可用不定式来改写:eg. It seems that shes ri
22、ght. / She seems to be right. 她似乎是对的。It appears that you have made a mistake. / You appear to have made a mistake. 似乎你弄错了。3. 系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。一般地说,状态系动词无进行时态,而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下,状态系动词也有进行时态,表示两个用途:(1)示一种短暂的、反常的状态。eg. He is being kind.他装出和蔼可亲的样子(一时而不能持久的性质)(2) 示一种探询口气,使语言客气、生动、亲切。eg. Are you feeling a
23、ny better?(语气亲切)你感觉好了些吗?试比较:Your hand feels cold.(无意识的静态性质。)你的手摸起来冰凉。不可以说:Your hand is feeling cold.() 但可以说:The doctor is feeling her pulse.(有意识的动态动作)总之,系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时,不能笼统地说feel,smell无进行时,应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如smell的用法可见一斑。smell作“嗅觉”的能力时,虽是实义动词,但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态,常与can, coul
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