《电子光学基础》PPT课件.ppt
《《电子光学基础》PPT课件.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《《电子光学基础》PPT课件.ppt(65页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、材料分析方法材料分析方法第二篇材料电子显微分析福州大学材料科学与工程学院李 强FEITecnaiG2F20第二篇材料电子显微分析第章电子光学基础第章电子光学基础第章透射电子显微镜第章透射电子显微镜第章电子衍射第章电子衍射第章晶体薄膜衍衬成像分析第章晶体薄膜衍衬成像分析第章高分辨透射电子显微术第章高分辨透射电子显微术第章扫描电子显微镜第章扫描电子显微镜第章电子探针显微分析第章电子探针显微分析第章其它显微分析方法第章其它显微分析方法第章电子光学基础1.1 1.1 电子波与电磁透镜电子波与电磁透镜.1.1.1.1 光学显微镜的分辨率光学显微镜的分辨率.1.1.电子波的波长特性电子波的波长特性.1.3
2、.1.3 电磁透镜电磁透镜1.2 1.2 电磁透镜的分辨率电磁透镜的分辨率1.2.1 1.2.1 球差球差1.2.2 1.2.2 像散像散1.2.3 1.2.3 色差色差1.2.4 1.2.4 电磁透镜的分辨率电磁透镜的分辨率1.3 1.3 电磁透镜的景深和焦长电磁透镜的景深和焦长1.3.1 1.3.1 景深景深1.3.2 1.3.2 焦长焦长A human eye can distinguish two separate points in an object if they are not closer than 0.2 mm to each other.This is called th
3、e resolving power of the human eye.In order to increase this resolving power man has invented several tools,such as:The optical light microscopeThe light microscope probably developed from the Galilean telescope during the 17th century.第章电子光学基础1.1 1.1 电子波与电磁透镜电子波与电磁透镜.1.1.1.1 光学显微镜的分辨率光学显微镜的分辨率One o
4、f the earliest instruments for seeing very small objects was made by the Dutchman Antony van Leeuwenhoek(1632-1723).Van Leeuwenhoek may well have been able to magnify objects up to 400 x and with it he discovered protozoa(原生物)原生物),and bacteria(细菌)细菌)and was able to classify red blood cells by shape.
5、A modern light microscope has a magnification of about 1000 x and enables the eye to resolve objects separated by 0.0002 mm(0.2mm/m=1000 x)The optical microscope generally consists of four main items:ThelightsourceThecondenserTheobjectivelensThemagnifyinglensThe light source generates light in the v
6、isible or invisible light spectrum.The two most important factors of the light source are:The wavelength.The brightness or light densityvThe brightness depends on the type of lamp used and its capability to emit light from a small point source.vThe wavelength is determined by the light colour and va
7、ries between 400nm(Ultraviolet)and 1000nm(Infrared).Limiting factorsThe brightnessThe wavelengthOptical properties of individual lenses can not be variedLack of analytical capabilities.As the theoretical resolving power is physically limited by the formula Wavelength()/2=200nmmm=1000 x better than t
8、he human eye.In an ideal positive lens a parallel incoming beam is focused in a point behind the lens.This point is called the back focal plane.If the beam is parallel to the optical axis,the focus point(F)will be on this axis,which is perpendicular to the lens.OPTICAL THEORY1.The ray path of a beam
9、 parallel to the optical axis will be deflected through the image focus point F2.The ray path of a beam through the object focus point F in front of the lens will be deflected parallel to the optical axis.3.The beam through the optical centre of the lens will be undeflected.Theconstructionofanimagep
10、ointbyusingthreerays:由于由于衍射效应衍射效应的作用,点光源在像平面上得到的并不是一个的作用,点光源在像平面上得到的并不是一个点,而是一个中心最亮,周围带有明暗相间同心园环的园斑,点,而是一个中心最亮,周围带有明暗相间同心园环的园斑,即即AiryAiry斑斑Airy斑的光强分布特征:8484集中在中央亮斑上,其余由内向外顺次递减,分散在集中在中央亮斑上,其余由内向外顺次递减,分散在第第1 1、第、第2 2。一般将第一暗环半径定为一般将第一暗环半径定为AiryAiry斑的半径斑的半径。点光源的成像点光源的成像-Airy斑的概念斑的概念1)点成点成像像2)一次波和二次波的干涉花
11、样一次波和二次波的干涉花样3)两个物点的情况两个物点的情况光学透镜成像的情况光学透镜成像的情况-Rayleigh准则(准则(Rayleigh criterion)表示样品上的两个物点表示样品上的两个物点S、S经过物镜在像平面形成像经过物镜在像平面形成像s1、s2的光路。的光路。即即1、2成像后在像平面上会产生两成像后在像平面上会产生两个个AiryAiry斑斑1、2(a a)两个)两个AiryAiry斑斑明显可分辨出。明显可分辨出。(b b)两个)两个AiryAiry斑斑刚好可分辨出。刚好可分辨出。(c c)两个)两个AiryAiry斑斑分辨不出。分辨不出。IWhen two points ar
12、e very near to each other,the resulting intensity spread shows a dip as shown in the figure below:如果两个物点靠近,相应的两个如果两个物点靠近,相应的两个AiryAiry斑也逐渐重叠当斑斑也逐渐重叠当斑中心间距等于中心间距等于Airy Airy 斑半径时,强度峰谷值相差,人眼斑半径时,强度峰谷值相差,人眼可以分辨,可以分辨,即即RayleighRayleigh准则准则Rayleigh准则(Rayleigh criterion):当一点光源衍射图样的中央最亮处刚好和另一个点的当一点光源衍射图样的中央
13、最亮处刚好和另一个点的第一个最暗处重合时,两衍射斑中心强度约为中央的第一个最暗处重合时,两衍射斑中心强度约为中央的,人眼刚可以分辨,这一条件称为,人眼刚可以分辨,这一条件称为RayleighRayleigh准则准则此时的光点距离此时的光点距离 r0称为称为分辨率分辨率,可表达如下:,可表达如下:式中,式中,-光的波长光的波长n-折射系数折射系数-孔径半角孔径半角nsin-数值孔径(数值孔径(Numeric Aperture)上式表明,分辨率的最小距离与波长成正比。上式表明,分辨率的最小距离与波长成正比。对玻璃透镜,取最大孔径半角对玻璃透镜,取最大孔径半角=70-750,在物方介质为,在物方介质
14、为油的情况下,油的情况下,n,则其数值孔径,则其数值孔径nsin ,上式可简化为,上式可简化为可见,半波长是光学玻璃透镜可分辨本领的理论极限。可可见,半波长是光学玻璃透镜可分辨本领的理论极限。可见光的波长在见光的波长在390-760nm390-760nm,其极限分辨率为其极限分辨率为200nm200nm。于是,人们用很长时间寻找波长短,又能聚焦成像的光波。于是,人们用很长时间寻找波长短,又能聚焦成像的光波。X X射线和射线和射线虽然波长短,但不能聚焦。射线虽然波长短,但不能聚焦。u19241924年年De BroglieDe Broglie证明了快速粒子的辐射,并发现了一种证明了快速粒子的辐射
15、,并发现了一种高速运动的电子波,其波长为高速运动的电子波,其波长为.005nm.005nm,比可见光绿光波比可见光绿光波长短万倍,由衍射效应确定的分辨率应为长短万倍,由衍射效应确定的分辨率应为,但实际上但实际上为为v19261926年,年,BuschBusch提出了用轴对称的电场和磁场对电子束进提出了用轴对称的电场和磁场对电子束进行聚集,发展成电磁透镜行聚集,发展成电磁透镜w1931-19331931-1933年,年,Ruska Ruska 等设计并制造了第一台电子显微镜等设计并制造了第一台电子显微镜x经过经过50-6050-60年的发展,目前,电镜的分辨率达到数量级,年的发展,目前,电镜的分
16、辨率达到数量级,放大倍数达数百万倍放大倍数达数百万倍电子光学的发展:电子光学的发展:In the 1920s it was discovered that accelerated electrons(parts of the atom)behave in vacuum just like light.They travel in straight lines and have a wavelength which is about 100 000 times smaller than that of light.(1924,De Broglie)Furthermore,it was found
17、 that electric and magnetic fields have the same effect on electrons as glass lenses and mirrors have on visible light.(1926,Busch)Dr Ernst Ruska at the University of Berlin combined these characteristics and built the first transmission electron microscope(often abbreviated to TEM)in 1931.For this
18、and subsequent work on the subject,he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986.The first electron microscope used two magnetic lenses and three years later he added a third lens and demonstrated a resolution of 100 nm,twice as good as that of the light microscope.Today,using five magnetic len
19、ses in the imaging system,a resolving power of 0.1 nm at magnifications of over 1 million times can be achieved.1.1.电子波的波长特性电子波的波长特性电子显微镜的照明光源是电子射线。与可见光相似,运动电子显微镜的照明光源是电子射线。与可见光相似,运动的电子也兼有波动性和微粒性,即所谓波、粒二象性。根据的电子也兼有波动性和微粒性,即所谓波、粒二象性。根据DeDeBroglieBroglie的观点,匀速直线运动着的电子必定和一个波动相对的观点,匀速直线运动着的电子必定和一个波动相对应,
20、其波长取决于电子运动的速度和质量:应,其波长取决于电子运动的速度和质量:(11)式中式中h=6.62610-34J.S为普朗克常数为普朗克常数m电子质量电子质量V电子速度电子速度如何获得电子?如何获得电子?一般,电镜的光源是一个能发射电子,并使其加速的静电一般,电镜的光源是一个能发射电子,并使其加速的静电装置称为装置称为电子枪(电子枪(Electron gunElectron gun)。加速电场的极间电压。加速电场的极间电压称为称为加速电压加速电压,是电镜的一个重要性能指标。,是电镜的一个重要性能指标。Electron gunprovides source of electrons to il
21、luminate the specimen.There are two types of electron sources:thermionic sourcetungsten filamentslanthanum hexaboride(LaB6)crystals field-emission source(FEG)fine tungsten needlesThermionic EmissionIf any material to be heated to a high enough temperature,the electrons gains sufficient energy to ove
22、rcome the natural barrier(work function)that prevents them from leaking out to escape from the source.Two thermionic sources used in practice are tungsten and LaB6.WfilamentLaB6crystalThermionic gun A high voltage is placed between the filament(acting as a cathode)and the anode,modified by a potenti
23、al on the Wehnelt which acts to focus the electrons into a crossover,with diameter d0 and convergence/divergence angle 0.Field EmissionThe principle behind field emission is that the strength of an electric field E is considerable increased at sharp points,because if we have a voltage V applied to a
24、(spherical)point of radius r then E=V/r.One of the easiest materials to produce with a fine tip is tungsten wire.To allow field emission,the surface should be free of contaminants and oxide.This can be achieved by operating in UHV(better than 10-11 Torr)AnFEGtip(fineWneedle)Field Emission Gun(FEG)In
25、 order to get an FEG to work,we make it the cathode with respect to two anodes.A fine crossover is formed by two anodes acting as an electrostatic lensIdeal electron sourcehigh brightness(high current density)better coherency(small energy spread)small chromatic aberrationgood for modern TEM workgood
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 电子光学基础 电子光学 基础 PPT 课件
限制150内