《家禽育种方法》PPT课件.ppt
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1、家禽育种方法家禽育种方法n家禽的选择家禽的选择n家禽的配种家禽的配种n家禽品系培育家禽品系培育n现代家禽繁育体系现代家禽繁育体系家禽的选择n根据外貌与生理特征进行选择根据外貌与生理特征进行选择使用范围使用范围:种禽繁殖场种禽繁殖场肉用系肉用系:于于5-7周龄进行选择周龄进行选择;v标准标准:生长迅速生长迅速,体重大体重大,羽毛丰满羽毛丰满,无生理缺陷。无生理缺陷。蛋用系蛋用系:于于6-8周龄进行选择周龄进行选择;v标准标准:羽毛生长迅速羽毛生长迅速,体重符合要求体重符合要求(不过大也不过不过大也不过小小),无生理缺陷。无生理缺陷。种用育成禽:于种用育成禽:于20-22周龄进行选择周龄进行选择;
2、v标准标准:体型结构、外貌特征符合品种要求,身体健体型结构、外貌特征符合品种要求,身体健康,生长发育健全。康,生长发育健全。家禽的选择n根据记录成绩进行选择根据记录成绩进行选择性能记录性能记录v蛋鸡:产蛋量,蛋重,产蛋重,蛋壳品质蛋鸡:产蛋量,蛋重,产蛋重,蛋壳品质(蛋壳厚蛋壳厚度和强度、蛋形、哈夫单位、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳组织、度和强度、蛋形、哈夫单位、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳组织、血斑与肉斑血斑与肉斑),性成熟期,产蛋率,体重,耗料、,性成熟期,产蛋率,体重,耗料、抗病力,雏鸡成活力,产蛋期成活力,受精率,孵抗病力,雏鸡成活力,产蛋期成活力,受精率,孵化率等;化率等;v肉鸡:上市体重,羽毛生长速度,绒羽颜
3、色,屠宰肉鸡:上市体重,羽毛生长速度,绒羽颜色,屠宰率,屠体品质,耗料,性成熟期,成年体重,蛋重,率,屠体品质,耗料,性成熟期,成年体重,蛋重,蛋壳品质,入孵蛋蛋壳品质,入孵蛋%,死亡率,受精率,孵化率。,死亡率,受精率,孵化率。v上述项目可根据实际情况选择记载。上述项目可根据实际情况选择记载。家禽的选择性能测定根据系谱资料进行选择(系谱测定)根据系谱资料进行选择(系谱测定)1.对于雏禽和育成禽,因不能断定成年后其生产性对于雏禽和育成禽,因不能断定成年后其生产性能如何,另外公禽本身不能产蛋,此时可查它们能如何,另外公禽本身不能产蛋,此时可查它们的系谱,比较不同公鸡祖先的生产性能记录以推的系谱,
4、比较不同公鸡祖先的生产性能记录以推断它们可能继承其祖先的什么性能。断它们可能继承其祖先的什么性能。2.运用系谱测定时,血缘越近影响越大,因此一般运用系谱测定时,血缘越近影响越大,因此一般着重比较亲代和祖代即可。着重比较亲代和祖代即可。3.根据本身成绩进行选择(个体测定)根据本身成绩进行选择(个体测定)4.与系谱测定比较与系谱测定比较,个体测定能更准确的反映个体个体测定能更准确的反映个体的性能的性能;5.依据个体测定进行选择只适于遗传力较高的性状依据个体测定进行选择只适于遗传力较高的性状。家禽的选择性能测定根据全同胞和半同胞性能进行选择(同胞测定)根据全同胞和半同胞性能进行选择(同胞测定)1.由
5、于公禽不能产蛋,因此一般使用其全同胞和半由于公禽不能产蛋,因此一般使用其全同胞和半同胞姐妹的性能对其蛋用性状进行选择;同胞姐妹的性能对其蛋用性状进行选择;2.屠宰性状或屠体品质性状一般也通过同胞测定进屠宰性状或屠体品质性状一般也通过同胞测定进行选择。行选择。3.根据后裔成绩进行选择(后裔测定)根据后裔成绩进行选择(后裔测定)4.后裔测定是根据记录进行选择时准确性最高的方后裔测定是根据记录进行选择时准确性最高的方法;法;5.通过后裔测定的公禽一般年龄较大(至少二岁半通过后裔测定的公禽一般年龄较大(至少二岁半以上),利用时间已不多,但可通过后裔测定建以上),利用时间已不多,但可通过后裔测定建立优良
6、家系。立优良家系。Progeny testnThe term progeny test as applied to animal breeding refers to the estimation of an individuals value as a breeder by means of the qualities or performance of its offspring.nThe application of the progeny test to breeding operations has brought one important fact to the attentio
7、n of the poultry breeder.This is that it is not only necessary to consider the results of single pair matings but also to consider all of the offspring of a mating.Application of progeny test to production breedingnIt is doubtless true that much of the rapid progress in improvement of egg production
8、 during recent years has been due to the appreciation of the value of the progeny test as a tool by most of the leading breeders.nThis method not only makes it possible to predict with greater accuracy the performance of individuals but also to estimate their value as breeders,thus permitting more r
9、apid improvement of the flock.nFor purposes of elimination it is very important that the poultryman have the record of a poor-producing family as well as that of good producers.Application of progeny test to production breedingnIf the purpose is to progeny test a group of cockerels the usual procedu
10、re is to organize several breeding pens carrying females of approximately equal egg records.nThis may be accomplished by using untested females that have just completed their first year of production.It will make possible the testing of the females as well as the males.nEach pen is headed by one of
11、the males to be tested.Application of progeny test to production breedingnThe average production of the daughters is used as a basis for comparison of the ability of the males to transmit egg production tendencies.nBy the same method it is possible to compare the females within a single pen,and sinc
12、e all of their daughters receive the genetic determiners for egg production on the paternal side from a single male.Prepotency indexnIf the males to be compared have not been mated to females of similar egg records some compensation must be made for the variability in the dams records.nAn index valu
13、e which might be called the“prepotency index”may be utilized in poultry breeding.nInstead of using the average production of the daughters as a basis for comparing the transmitting abilities of males,the average records of both their daughters and mates are considered.Prepotency indexnThe first step
14、 in calculating a males prepotency index is to compute the average production of the daughters of each female mated with him.nThe resulting average may be considered a measure of the combined transmitting tendencies of the pair of birds involved.nThe dams inherited tendencies for egg production are
15、indicated by her individual egg record,but the males tendencies are unknown.Prepotency indexnThe difference between the record of a female and those of her daughters should supply some clue as to her mates ability to transmit egg-production tendencies.nA males breeding value is estimated as follows:
16、nA males prepotency index is then the average of the estimations obtained from the groups of daughters of his various mates.Prepotency indexnBy use of the index i t is possible to compare males mated to females of varying production,but it should be realized that the attempted corrections are source
17、s of considerable error.nIt is much better,wherever possible,to compare only males whose mates are as nearly comparable as possible.Prepotency indexDifficulty in application of progeny testnOne of the most serious handicaps in the application of the progeny test to production breeding is the long pe
18、riod of time required to make the test.If a male is used as soon as he reaches sexual maturity,or at approximately one year of age,he will be starting his fourth year before the test is completed on his first group of daughters.nMany breeders use supposedly valuable males repeatedly while the progen
19、y test is being obtained and then discard unsuccessful blood lines and concentrate on the proved ones.This procedure involves rather extensive facilities and much lost motion.A SHORT-CUT PROGENY TESTnAny method which will provide a reasonably accurate progeny test and avoid the loss of the second ye
20、ars service while awaiting the results from a birds first group of offspring is of considerable value.nFortunately the influence of two of the most important factors having a bearing on the annual egg record may be checked upon during the early part of the pullets laying year.These two are age at fi
21、rst egg and intensity(rate of laying).A SHORT-CUT PROGENY TESTnResults of studies have shown the correlation coefficient between the early months production of a pullet and her annual record to be relatively high in the White Leghorn breed.nFor making a short-cut application of the progeny test,the
22、intensity during the first 30 days and the age at first egg can be used as the criteria to select cocks.The period of 30 days has been chosen since it is long enough to give a dependable average.家禽的配种n家禽的选配家禽的选配经过性能测定经过性能测定,选出优秀的个体或家系作为种禽选出优秀的个体或家系作为种禽,如如何将它们的优秀性状通过公母配种遗传给下一代何将它们的优秀性状通过公母配种遗传给下一代,这就
23、是选配的问题这就是选配的问题.选配是选择的继续选配是选择的继续:选配恰当选配恰当,可大大发挥种禽的作可大大发挥种禽的作用用;选择也是选配的继续选择也是选配的继续:选配是否恰当选配是否恰当,得依靠选择来得依靠选择来判断判断.选配与选择一样选配与选择一样,都是要改变群体中的基因频率都是要改变群体中的基因频率,通通过选配过选配,可以使后代中基因的纯合型或杂合型增加可以使后代中基因的纯合型或杂合型增加或减少、或保持不变或减少、或保持不变家禽的配种n家禽的选配(相关概念)已鉴定群:经后裔测定已两年半或以上的种禽。续鉴定群:经同胞姐妹和本身一年半资料鉴定,需继续作后裔鉴定的一年半或以上的种禽。初鉴定群:满
24、42周龄已初步鉴定的种母禽,如为公禽则按全同胞、半同胞姐妹42周龄成绩初选。家禽的配种n家禽的选配家禽的选配1、同质选配:或称相似交配,指具有相同生产、同质选配:或称相似交配,指具有相同生产性能或同属高产的个体间交配。性能或同属高产的个体间交配。同质选配可增加亲代与后代和后代全同胞间的同质选配可增加亲代与后代和后代全同胞间的相似性,可增加后代中纯合基因型的频率。相似性,可增加后代中纯合基因型的频率。家禽的配种2、异质选配:或称不相似交配,指具有不同、异质选配:或称不相似交配,指具有不同生产性能特点或性状的个体间交配。生产性能特点或性状的个体间交配。异质选配可增加后代中杂合基因型频率,异质选配可
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