2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析.pdf

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1、1 2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析Section I Use of English : Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharin

2、g about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has_(2)_. The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)_1,932 unique subjects which _(4)_pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated st

3、rangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_. While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.The study_(

4、9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working

5、 together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_ functional Kinship of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last

6、30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor. The findings do not simply explain peoples_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects,

7、friends and strangers, were taken from the same population. 1. A when B why C how D what 2. A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised 3. A for B with C on D by 4. A compared B sought C separated D connected 5. A tests B objects Csamples D examples 6. A insignificant B unexpected Cunbelievable D i

8、ncredible 7. A visit B miss C seek D know 8. A resemble B influence C favor D surpass 9. A again B also C instead D thus 10. A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps 11. A about B to Cfrom Dlike 2 12. A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit 13. A according to B rather than C regardless of D along w

9、ith 14. A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits 15. A later Bslower C faster D earlier 16. Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress 17. A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive 18. A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency 19. A political B religious C ethnic D economic 20. A se

10、e B show C prove D tell Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings don t abdicate, they dare in t

11、heir sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals,

12、with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above mere politics and embody a spirit of national unity.It i

13、s this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gul

14、f and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history and sometimes the way t

15、hey behave today embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of mo

16、dern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it

17、 increasingly difficult to maintain the right image. While Europe s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather 3 or

18、dinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service as non-controversial and non-political h

19、eads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain A used turn enjoy high public support B was unpopular among European royals C cased his relation

20、ship with his rivals Dended his reign in embarrassment 22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly A owing to their undoubted and respectable status B to achieve a balance between tradition and reality C to give voter more public figures to look up to Ddue to their everlasting political

21、 embodiment 23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4? A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealthB The role of the nobility in modern democracies C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families DThe nobilitys adherence to their privileges 24. The British r

22、oyals have most to fear because CharlesA takes a rough line on political issues B fails to change his lifestyle as advised C takes republicans as his potential allies D fails to adapt himself to his future role 25. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Co

23、mbined B Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne C Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs DCharles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats Text 2 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile p

24、hone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard,

25、the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police

26、, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents 4 of a smart phone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect s purse. The court has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when t

27、hey sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The devel

28、opment of cloud computing, meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to

29、 remain private and protected by the Constitution s prohibition on unreasonable searches. As so often is the ca se, stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. Th

30、ey could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they

31、are entitled to more freedom. But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st cen

32、tury with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. 26. The Supreme Court will work out

33、 whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to A prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents. B search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.C check suspects phone contents without being authorized.Dprohibit suspects from using their mobile phones. 27. The authors attitude toward Cal

34、ifornias argument is one ofA disapproval. B indifference. C tolerance. Dcautiousness. 28. The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable toA getting into ones residence.B handling ones historical records.C scanning ones correspondences.D going through ones wallet.29. In Paragra

35、ph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that A principles are hard to be clearly expressed. B the court is giving police less room for action. C citizens privacy is not effectively protected.D phones are used to store sensitive information. 30. Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that A the

36、 Constitution should be implemented flexibly. 5 B new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution. CCalifornias argument violates principles of the Constitution.Dprinciples of the Constitution should never be altered Text 3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical che

37、cks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. Readers must have confid

38、ence in the conclusions published in our journal, writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal s intern

39、al editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts. Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: The creation of the ?statistics board was motivated by

40、concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He sa

41、ys he expects the board to play primarily an advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a

42、 larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome step forward and long overdue. Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of wha

43、t they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review, he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attenti

44、on to statistical review. Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tou

45、gher line, engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process . Vaux says that Science s idea to pass some papers to statisticians has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ?the papers that need scrutiny in th

46、e first place.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that A Science intends to simplify their peer-review process. B journals are strengthening their statistical checks. C few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis. D lack of data analysis is common in research projects. 6 32. The phrase

47、flagged up (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning toA found. B marked. C revised. D stored. 33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may A pose a threat to all its peers. B meet with strong opposition. C increase Sciences circulation.Dset an example for other journals. 34. D

48、avid Vaux holds that what Science is doing now A adds to researchers workload.B diminishes the role of reviewers. C has room for further improvement. Dis to fail in the foreseeable future 35. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers. B

49、 Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science Text 4 Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions Integrity had collap

50、sed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only sorting mechanism in society should be profit and the market .But it s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit .Driving her point home, she continued: It s increasingly apparent that the absence of p