要素投入品市场.ppt

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1、Chapter 8生产要素价格决定生产要素价格决定生产要素价格决定生产要素价格决定的需求方面的需求方面的需求方面的需求方面2022/10/281Topics to be DiscussedCompetitive Factor MarketsEquilibrium in a Competitive Factor MarketFactor Markets with Monopsony PowerFactor Markets with Monopoly Power2022/10/282分配论概述19世纪初，三类生产要素：土地：地租劳动：工资资本：利润19世纪末，四类生产要素：土地：地租劳动：工资资本

2、：利息企业家才能：利润2022/10/283分配论概述边际生产分配论：最先由美国经济学家克拉克提出。他认为，在其他条件不变和边际生产力递减的前提下，一种生产要素的价格取决于其边际生产力。改进：生产要素的价格不仅取决于其边际生产力，也取决于其他一些因素，如厂商的边际成本和边际收益等。要素市场的价格决定：供给与需求2022/10/284分配论概述引致需求：要素市场上，需求来自厂商，但这一需求是由消费者对产品的直接需求引发的。或：厂商对要素的需求是从消费者对产品的直接需求中派生出来的或“引致”的需求。对生产要素需求的特点：共同性：即对生产要素的需求是共同的，相互依赖的需求。2022/10/285Co

3、mpetitive Factor MarketsCharacteristics1)Large number of sellers of the factor of production2)Large number of buyers of the factor of production3)The buyers and sellers of the factor of production are price takers2022/10/286要素市场上的不完全竞争厂商在产品市场完全竞争，但在要素市场上不完全竞争在要素市场上完全竞争，但在产品上不完全竞争在产品市场和要素市场上都不完全竞争202

4、2/10/287Competitive Factor MarketsDemand for a Factor Input When Only One Input Is VariableDemand for factor inputs is a derived demandderived from factor cost and output demand2022/10/288Competitive Factor MarketsAssumeTwo inputs:Capital(K)and Labor(L)Cost of K is r and the cost of labor is wK is f

5、ixed and L is variableDemand for a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is Variable2022/10/289Competitive Factor MarketsProblemHow much labor to hireDemand for a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is Variable2022/10/2810Competitive Factor MarketsMeasuring the Value of a Workers OutputMarginal Revenue Produc

6、t of Labor(MRPL)MRPL=(MPL)(MR)Demand for a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is Variable2022/10/2811Competitive Factor MarketsAssume perfect competition in the product marketThen MR=PMRPL=P(MPL)=VMPVMP：the value of MP(边际产品价值)Demand for a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is Variable2022/10/2812完全竞争厂商使用要

7、素的原则完全竞争厂商使用要互的边际收益边际产品价值：等于边际产品乘以价格表示增加使用一个单位要素所增加的收益，这就是完全竞争厂商使用要素的边际收益。VMP与MP的区别：MP是对产量而言的，即增加一个单位的产量所增加的收益VMP是对投入要素而言的，是增加一个单位的要素投入所增加的收益2022/10/2813Competitive Factor MarketsQuestionWhat will happen to the value of MRPL when more workers are hired?Demand for a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is

8、 Variable2022/10/2814Marginal Revenue ProductHours of WorkWages($perhour)MRPL=MPLx PCompetitive Output Market(P=MR)MPL 2022/10/2815完全竞争厂商使用要素的原则使用要素的边际成本要素价格：由于成本是产量的函数，而产量又是投入要素的函数，如果使用劳动要素的价格（即工资）为w，则有：C=C(Q)=wL所以，增加一个要素使用需要增加的成本为：dC/dL=w这就是增加一个单位的要素使用所增加的成本，即要素使用的边际成本。2022/10/2816Competitive Fact

9、or MarketsChoosing the profit-maximizing amount of laborIf VMP（MRPL）w(the marginal cost of hiring a worker):hire the workerIf VMP（MRPL）0)则MFC=W(L)+L(dW/dL)=a+bL+bL=a+2bL因为成本函数C=CQ(L)所以,MFC=dC/dL=(dC/dQ)/(dQ/dL)=MC*MP即：边际要素成本是边际成本和边际产品的乘积。2022/10/2843SL=W(L)Marginal Factor Cost(MFC)Factor Markets wit

10、h Monopsony PowerUnits of InputPrice(per unitof input)01234655101520wcLc2022/10/2844Factor Markets with Monopsony Power买方垄断厂商获得最大利润：使用要素的边际收益(VMP)等于使用要素的边际成本(MFC)，即：VMP MFC买方垄断厂商根据VMP MFC确定要素的需求量，但这一需求量的价格却由相应的市场供给曲线确定，这一价格一低于相应的边际要素成本MFC。2022/10/2845SL=W(L)MFCVMPFactor Markets with Monopsony PowerU

11、nits of InputPrice(per unitof input)01234655101520w*=13L*wELEE2022/10/2846Factor Markets with Monopsony Power买方垄断厂商没有确定的需求曲线当要素的供应确定，一旦确定了雇用要素量L0，则确定了相应的要素价格w0。但这只能确定一对要素价格和需求量。当要素供应发生变化时，要素的边际成本曲线就发生变化，从而它与边际产品收益曲线的交点也发生变化，于是可以得到不同要素价格和需求组合。遗憾的是，这种组合并不具备一一对应关系。2022/10/2847SL=W(L)MFCVMPFactor Market

12、s with Monopsony PowerUnits of InputPrice(per unitof input)01234655101520w*=13L*wEL1E2022/10/2848Factor Markets with Monopsony PowerExamples of Monopsony PowerGovernmentSoldiersMissilesB2 BombersNASAAstronauts2022/10/2849Factor Markets with Monopoly PowerJust as buyers of inputs can have monopsony p

13、ower,sellers of inputs can have monopoly power.The most important example of monopoly power in factor markets involves labor unions.2022/10/2850SummaryIn a competitive input market,the demand for an input is given by the MRP,the product of the firms marginal revenue,and the marginal product of the i

14、nput.A firm in a competitive labor market will hire workers to the point at which the marginal revenue product of labor is equal to the wage rate.2022/10/2851SummaryThe market demand for an input is the horizontal sum of the industry demands for the input.When factor markets are competitive,the buye

15、r of an input assumes that its purchase will have no effect on the price of the input.2022/10/2852SummaryWhen a buyer of an input has monopsony power,the marginal expenditure(or marginal factor cost)curve lies above the average expenditure curve.When the input seller is a monopolist such as a labor union,the seller chooses the point on the marginal revenue product curve that best suits its objective.2022/10/2853 NEXT Chapter 要素供给要素供给要素供给要素供给2022/10/2854