矿区土地复垦以及其生态产业链总体规划设计-国内生态修复网.doc
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1、|矿区土地复垦与生态产业链总体规划设计白中科 1,2 ,贺振伟 3,李晋川 4,张继栋 1,崔 艳 1(1. 中国地质大学土地科学技术学院,北京 100083;2. 国土资源部土地整治重点实验室,北京 100035;3. 中煤平朔煤业有限责任公司,山西 朔州 036006;4. 山西省生物研究所,山西 太原 030006)摘 要:循环经济与可持续发展理念指导下的平朔煤矿区生态恢复与重建,有 2 条相互依存的生态产业链:一是以煤为主,电、化、氧化铝、建材并举的黑色产业链;二是围绕复垦土地开展生态重建,种养加一体化发展的绿色生态产业链。这 2 条生态产业链构成了平朔矿区生态系统功能的多样性,它既不
2、同于自然生态系统,也不同于典型工业园区,是集自然生态系统、受损生态系统与恢复生态系统为一体,涉及农业用地、工业用地的复合生态系统。根据矿区土地利用现状、生态系统多样性与完整性等指标的相似性与变异性,将平朔矿区划分为农业综合利用区、工业生态园区、恢复生态保护区、旅游观光区、生态重建区与待开采区 6 个一级生态功能区及 22 个二级生态功能区。对矿区土地、水、生物等生态资源进行了系统的调查和评价,设计了复垦土地生态系统种、养、加为一体的生态产业链,提出了培训一批服务于矿区土地复垦与生态产业实施管理的专业技术队伍的建议。关键词:矿区;复垦;生态产业;产业链;规划设计中图分类号:TD88 文献标识码:
3、 AMined Land Reclamation and Planning of Ecological Industrial Chains BAI Zhong-ke1,2 ,HE Zheng-wei 3,LI Jin-chuan 2,ZHANG Ji-dong 1,CUI Yan 1(1.School of Land Sciences Technology ,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China ;2. Key Laboratory of Land Regulation,Ministry of Land and Resourc
4、es,Beijing 100035; 3. Pingshuo Coal Industry Corporation,Shuozhou 036006,China ;4. Shanxi Institute of Biology , Taiyuan 030006,China)|Abstract:Ecological restoration in Pingshuo Coal Mine is under the guidance of two conceptscircular economy and sustainable development. There are two interdependent
5、 ecological industrial chains for the development of Pingshuo : One is the black industry chain ,in which coal is the main product, and the electricity ,alumina materials are all the products; The other is the green ecological chain, which is on the base of land reclamation and ecological reconstruc
6、tion, which is to develop planting, culture and processing industry. These two ecological industry chains increased the diversity of ecosystems and ecological functions of Pingshuo mine. So, the ecosystem is not only different from natural ecosystems, but also different from the typical industrial p
7、ark, it is a combination of natural ecosystems, damaged ecosystems and restoration ecosystems, it is related to the agricultural land and the industrial land. Based on the mining land use, the similarity and variability of biodiversity, ecosystem integrity, and other indicators, Pingshuo mine area a
8、re divided into 6 ecological function zones and 22 secondary ecological function zones. These 6 ecological function zones are as follows: comprehensive agricultural areas, ecological industrial park and protection zone of restoration ecosystem, tourism zone, ecosystem restoration area , and the area
9、 where have not been exploited .In the same time, the following contents are studied which is related to eco-industry and mining: (1) More than 10 kinds of project techniques adopted in Pingshuo mine in the past 20 years are reviewed and evaluated; ( 2) Key technologies of “mining - transport - stac
10、king- soil construction- reclamation - management “ as the support system are integrated; (3)How to predict land reclamation investment are analyzed; (4) The land reclamation standards in Pingshuo mine are drawn up; (5) Programs to protect, improve and reuse reclamation lands are developed; (6) Data
11、base of resources about Antaibao and Anjialing mine are constructed; (7) Virtual reality systems about the reclamation lands and ecosystems are constructed; (8)How to fertilizer and improve soil by green pasture, weathered coal, humic acid-fertilizer, biogas are studied; (9) Biological resources in
12、and around the ming area are investigated, and the quantity of biological resources which can serves for the industry are calculated; (10)Water balance between agriculture and industry are analyzed; (11)Industry chains of eco-industry are designed; (12) Viable analysis of organic (green) food base e
13、stablishment in mining area have been done; (13) The land change rehabitation of farmland in the future is predicted. (14) Dynamic changes of the quantity, quality and productivity of land are analyzed, and how to achieve the stability of quantity and quality of arable land is proposed. (15) Socio-e
14、conomic problems in re-use reclamation land are analyzed, and the solutions to these problems are promised.The research is of great significance for the comprehensive development and utilization,so to the sustainable development of restoration eco-systema.Key words:平朔矿区是我国首批煤炭国家规划矿区之一,矿区总面积 380 km2,
15、矿区保有地质储量 112.21 亿 t,规划建设总规模为 9 350 万 t/a。矿区地处黄土高原东部、山西省北部,是一个对环境改变反应敏感、维持自身稳定的可塑性较小的脆弱生态环境系统。本矿在气候条件、社会经济、开采工艺、复垦模式等方面,是生态脆弱矿区的典型代表。随着采矿规模的不断扩大,平朔矿区面临的如下问题日益凸显:(1)地矿矛盾突出,征地愈来愈困难;(2)促进矿区失地农民就业上升为构建和谐矿区的关键;(3)已复垦|的排土场存在着不同程度的退化;(4)露、井联采造成更大规模的土地破坏,延缓了土地复垦的进度;(5)复垦土地的经营管理难度愈来愈大。要解决这些问题,必须规划先行,进行生态经济重建及
16、产业链条延伸的总体规划设计与实施管理的课题研究。这从长远解决耕地占补平衡、促进失地农民就业、复垦土地综合开发利用、实现绿色矿山等问题具有重要的战略意义,对促进企业长远发展意义深远。1 矿区重建生态功能区划目标、原则、依据1.1 矿区重建生态功能区划目标生态功能区划是在一定的自然区域范围内,以生产系统类型为基础,以生态特征、空间结构、生产力、稳定性和人为活动对系统的生态关系及其整体功能的影响度为指标,进行的自然社会复合生态系统类型划分和空间定位。对矿区重建生态功能区划而言,还具有其自身的特点。1.1.1 以地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建为基础 煤炭资源的开采,造成地表的大面积破坏,彻底摧毁了原生态
17、系统。由于矿区处于生态脆弱区,在极端破坏的条件下不可能仅凭借其自身的修复使生态系统得到恢复,必须通过人工干预,利用工程措施、生物技术等进行生态重建。这就决定了矿区生态功能区划从一开始就要考虑其生态系统的人造性以及由此带来的不稳定性。1.1.2 适度开发利用重建的矿区生态系统 矿区本身位于生态脆弱的黄土高原区,经过长时间的、彻底的采矿破坏,虽然部分地区得到了复垦,但是人工再造生态系统处于成长期,仍然较为脆弱,如果利用不当,有可能造成退化。因此,保证矿区现有已复垦区域生态系统不受损害、生态功能不降低,是进行矿区重建生态功能区划必须坚持的红线(?底线) 。1.1.3 与矿区的生态产业经济链条有机融合
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