考研长难句讲义.doc

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1、考研英语长难句突破课程讲义主讲：屠皓民欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材大家好，欢迎大家回到我们的新东方网络课堂！第一讲 句子的基本成分句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。注：“_”的部分是主干部分。 例：Such characteristics make them perfect candidates. 谓语是整个句子的最重要的部分，也是整个句子的突破口。只有谓语是没有从句的概念的。一、 谓语1、 实义动词，即行为动词，watch, play 及物动词：后面直接宾语 不及物动词：后面加介词+宾语We have friends all over the world.The examin

2、ation ended at 11:30 am. They are looking for the lost wallet. 不及物动词有的时候也可以做及物动词来用，比如close，begin, study, leave, work等The post offices close at 9:00 oclock PM. Close the window!形式变化：时态变化，语态变化，用情态动词+实义动词的原型，情态动词+ have+过去分词形式2、 系动词 (构成系表结构)Be动词持续的系动词：keep，taste，后面加形容词He always kept silent at the meetin

3、g. The search proved difficult. 二、 主语和宾语(1)认识名词： 名词是用来表示人，事物，地点，以及抽象事物名称的。比如： 人：John，sister，father 事物：water，air，sun，computer 地点：London，theater 抽象事物：love，happiness，imagination，hope 名词的数：注意单复数 名词的格： s以及of 逻辑语义： Rachel：Im Carols ex-husbands sisters roommate. Doctor：Im your roommates brothers ex-wifes o

4、bstetrician. (产科医生) 老友记 of: 理清逻辑语义 表示所有关系： 翻译方法： “A of B”翻译成“B的A” The rapidity of the motion of the wing of the hummingbird is remarkable. The coming of age of post-war baby boom brought remarkable influence upon American society. 特殊：China is proud of its five thousand years of the history and cultu

5、re. (2)语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。 例：The reasons are clear now. Why he murdered his wife is clear now. He has made clear the facts. He has made clear what they had done yesterday. It is the question. It is whether the book is worth reading. We found out the murderer，Tom. We found out the fact t

6、hat he was killed. 注：代词与名词关系十分紧密，与名词形成特定的指代关系。 分为以下几类： 人称代词：I/you/he/she/it/me/you/him/her/it 形容词性物主代词：my/your/his/her/its/ 名词性物主代词：mine/yours/his/hers/its 反身代词：myself/yourself/herself/himself/itself 不定代词：every/both/all/none/something/anything/everything(注意否定) 疑问代词：that/what/which/whose/who/whom (3)

7、名词性结构：动名词与不定式 动名词与不定式做主语例：Watching TV is my hobby.Getting enough vitamins is essential to life. Really using a language is not an easy task. (2006完形)Finding ways to assist this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. (2009.阅读) Knowing what you are good at and doing even more o

8、f it creates excellence. To master a language is not an easy thing. To err(犯错)is human；to forgive，divine(神圣的). It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past of future. 动名词与不定式做宾语 例：Other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. Bad weather pr

9、evented him from starting out for Beijing on time. (2003Text 1)The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. 动名词与不定式检测题 (2004Text 1)With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet，finding promising openings(空缺)can be time-consuming and inefficientWor

10、king with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. (2004完形)All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act. (4) 主语从句、宾语从句 注：把原来是词的位置转换成句就成了相应的从句。 主语从句：that引导(陈述句)、whether(一般疑问句)、what等疑问词引导(特殊疑问句)。 That English is importa

11、nt is an undoubted fact. Whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me. What we forget what our economy depends on us forgetting is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. 宾语从句：that引导(可省陈述句)、whether等疑问词引导(一般疑问句)。 Ive known that you are my source of endless inspiration. I dont

12、 know if/whether he needs my help. I dont know how he can come here. He has made clear what they had done yesterday. (5)从句检测题：That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates

13、(倡导者)of free-market economic theories. (1994. 75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 4 定语 (1)形容词： He is a handsome boy. He is a boy who is handsome. We should know the cul

14、ture past and present. (2)形容词性从句：定语从句限定性定语从句(that可)、非限定性定语从句(that否)。 Mr. Zhang，who came to see me yesterday，is an old friend of mine. He studies hard at school when he was young，which contributes to his success in later life. 例：(2005. 47)Multi-media groups have been increasingly successful：groups wh

15、ich bring together television，radio，newspapers，magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 关系代词引导的定语从句：that引导(做连词可省)、which引导、who引导、whom引导、whose引导。 例：Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(模式)into which they plug(嵌入，套入)each days events. T

16、elevision is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed. The“housing slave”is a new expression in China，referring to people who use most of their salary to repay bank loans due to soaring housing prices. 注：先行词被any，only，all，every，no，some，much，few，little序数词，形容词最高级，the only. the

17、one，the very，the right和the last等成分修饰时，用that. This is the most interesting book that I have read. that不用在非限定性定语从句在中that不用在介词后面 关系副词引导的定语从句：when引导、where引导、why引导、whereby引导。 The day when we stop learning is the day when we die. Literature is the place where the past meets the present to contemplate the

18、future. as 引导的定语从句： a. 引导限定性定语从句suchas，the sameas(that)，asas； 例：(2001 Text 4)The most important forces behind the massive(巨大的)M&A(并购)wave are the same that underlie(引起)the globalization process. The Sun gives us as much energy every minute as mankind uses in a year. b. 引导非限定性定语从句： 作文常用句型：As is shown

19、 in the pictures，As is seen from the chart，As is vividly betrayed in the cartoon above (1 994完形54)The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension. A. who B. as C. which D. what (3)分词：现在分词、过去分词时态与主被动 语法功能：定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。 定语：a. We

20、are often attracted by enchanting music. They are repairing the broken window. b. The American President visiting China now will return on Saturday. I like reading books written by Mark Twain. c. 分词作定语检测题： (1 996年语法)There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently

21、4 what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic. A. giving B. gave C. to give D. gives (2003年63题)The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important s

22、ocial science. 5 状语 （1）副词 注：状语修饰动词、形容词和整句。例：She carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass. Our country is becoming increasingly strong. He is old enough to get married. He passed the first-round of the examination. However, he was not admitted by Renmin University because his performance on o

23、ral English was really bad. (表示上下文关系) (2)介词充当状语 介词的定义：中介作用(介词与名词的搭配，介词与形容词的搭配，介词与动词的搭配) 常见介词基本意义总结： 空间关系：in，on，at 时间关系：in，on，at 论及、牵涉关系：about，on, over 介词 原因关系：because of，for 方法手段：by，with，in 组成构成：of, from，with 让步关系：despite，in spite of 排除关系：except，but 其他常见介词：besides；among；towards；between 介词或短语介词的语法功能在

24、句中的体现： 注：无论是介词还是短语介词后面所接的词都是名词性的。 Apart from womens own happiness，the needs of the community must be considered. Advertisements may be classified into three types according to the kind of appeals they use. (3)副词性从句：状语从句时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、 结果状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。时间状语从句：正点as，till，

25、(not)until，as soon as，every(each)time，the instant，the minute，the moment，the second，no sooner. . . than，hardly. . . when；之前before；之后after，since，once；例：The baby starts crying the minute he sees his father. No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy(困倦的). *“not. . . until的四种不同句式： a.

26、 正常句式We didnt go home until we finished our homework. b. Until在句首_ c. 倒装句式Not until we finished our work did we go home. d. 强调句式It was not untilthat we went home. 注：分享同一翻译：直到才。 (1 994Text2)While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. 时间状语从句检测题： (1

27、991年语法)_to speak when the audience interrupted him. A. Hardly had he began B. No sooner had he began C. Not until he began D. Scarcely did he began (1998年Text2)Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially trueit comes to classroom tests. A. before B. as C. si

28、nce D. when (2002. 22)As was discussed before，it was notthe 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium，following in the wake of the pamphlet(小册子)and the book and in the company of the periodical(期刊). A. after B. by C. during D. until 地点状语从句：everywhere/anywhere/wherever

29、； 例：(1998Text2)Everywhere you go in America，you hear tales of corporate revival. 条件状语从句：suppose/supposing，assuming，provided/providing，as(so)long as； if only：只要；only if: 只有 (1996年语法)The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me 3 She could remember who last borrowed it.

30、 A. ever since B. much as C. even though D. if only (2004年完形42) He can continue to support himself and his family_ he produces a surplus. A. only if B. much as C. long before D. ever since suppose/supposing, assuming, provided/providing 注：相当于if例： Suppose/Supposing that it rains, can we play football

31、 indoors? Farmers will have a good harvest, assuming the weather is favorable.Provided/Providing we get good weather it will be a successful holiday. (1993语法) You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting you dont mind taking the night train. A. provided B. unless C. though D. until as long as.

32、(2002Text4) As long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctorhas done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten (加速) death. 原因状语从句： as, since, in that; considering; now that, as(so) long as; on the grounds that; 例(2003.37 )_ they are adjusting to th

33、eir new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishment are admired by others.A. If B. Although C. whereas D. Because (1995语法)Hydrogen(氢元素) is

34、 the fundamental element of the universe _ it provides thebuilding blocks from which the other elements are produced. A. so that - B. but that C. in that D. provided that (1996.46 ) Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon(碳元素)，hydrogen，oxygen(氧元素)，and sometimes

35、nitrogen(氮元素) They are different_ their elements are arranged differently.A. in that B. so that C. such that D. except that (2004.22) Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds (违法行为) or that th

36、ey have learned criminal behavior through interaction(一起活动)with others. A. before B. unless C. until D. because 目的状语从句：lest，in case，for fear that 例： (2000Text5)What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams，as easily and openly as once they could，lest they be thought pushing(爱

37、出风头的)，acquisitive (贪婪的)and vulgar(庸俗的) (2003. 35)In these activities，it is important to remember that young teens have short attention span. A Variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they wan t and then go On to something else without feeling guilty and

38、 without letting the other participants down. . A. if only B. now that C. so that D. even if 方式状语从句：as；as if/though；in the same way/manner； 例：(2000Text)For a while it looks as though the making of semiconductors，which American had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age，was going

39、 to be the next casualty(牺牲品)。 让步状语从句： 易懂类：although, though, despite, in spite of, even though 例：(1996. 50)Getting enough vitamins is essential to life，although the body has no nutritional use for excess Vitamins. Many people，50，believe in being Oil the safe side and thus take extra vitamins. A. nev

40、ertheless B. therefore C. moreover D. meanwhile (1997. 44) 44 its economy conditions to recover，the us is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. A. Even though B. Now that C. If only D. Provided that (2000Text2) But however amazed our decedents may be at how far from Ut

41、opia we were，they will look just like us. (2004. 40)A11 these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act，40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. A. provided B. since C. although D. supposing 难点类：while, as, though (2000Text4) While often pra

42、ised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical (机械的) learning over creativity and self-expression. 例: Young as he is, Jim is knowledgeable.Child as he is, Jim is knowledgeable. (1992语法)_ he does get annoyed with her sometimes. A. Alth

43、ough much he likes her B. Much although he likes her C. As he likes her much D. Much as he likes her (1998.75) Odd though if sounds, cosmic inflation(宇宙膨胀论)is a scientifically plausible (可行的) consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics. 比较状语从句： as.as, more.than, no more than l

44、ess than, not less than. 基本类: 例： (2005.46) Never before has television served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.(2006Text1) Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics have higher rates of intermarriage than do US-born whites and blacks.（2007text 7）Few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. (2000Text4) In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts (同辈) in the 10 other countries surveye