裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记 第二十八课.docx

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1、单词学习rare1) adj.稀有的，罕见的，不寻常的（rarer, rarest）not often happening or seen, unusualeg. He is a rare person.他是个少见的人。a rare book珍本a rare plant珍稀植物a rare butterfly一只罕见的蝴蝶a rare visitor稀客a rare edition珍藏本It is rare + for (sb) + to do sth某人很少做某事eg. It is rare for him to be absent.他很少缺席。2) adj.（气体等）稀薄的，稀疏的thin

2、the rare air of the mountains山里的稀薄空气3）adj.半熟的，煮得嫩的Id like my steak rare, please.我要的牛排要三、四分熟。half-done半熟 well-done全熟rarity rerti: n. c珍品，奇事u稀有rareness n. u (空气等)稀薄，稀有rarely adv.不常（否定含义）not often, seldomI rarely eat in restaurants. I often cook myself.我很少到饭店里吃。我一般都是自己做。ancient adj.古代的，古老的old adj.老的，旧的

3、，先前的an old lady一个老太太an old church一个古老的教堂an old friend老朋友my old job我以前的工作senior si:nj adj.较年长的，资深的 junior du:nj adj.年少的, 较年幼的；资历较浅的, 地位较低的senior citizen老人，退休的人the senior partner大股东aged adj.（正式）年老的，体衰的（人）an aged gentleman一位老人ancient adj.（仅物）远古的，古代的an ancient civilization古代文明an ancient history古代历史antiq

4、ue nti:k adj.（仅物）古旧的，珍贵的antique furniture古董家具an antique coin古钱币myth n.神话尤指与某一民族早期历史或信仰有关，或解释自然现象的故事。the Greek myths希腊神话the Roman myths罗马神话legend lednd n.传奇，传说Legend in the Fall 秋天的传说story n.故事 / talenovel小说folk-tale fukteil 民间传说fable n.寓言Aesops i:sp Fables伊索寓言mystery mistri n.神秘的事物，谜，秘密the mysteries

5、 of nature神秘感an air of mystery神秘的气氛mythical mkl adj.神话的，神话式的，虚构的mythical heroes神话中的英雄trouble1) n.麻烦have trouble with sb / sth 与有摩擦eg. Yesterday I had some trouble with a traffic policeman.昨天我和一个交警有点摩擦。eg. Jasper White had trouble with cars and their owners. 贾斯伯怀特和一些车以及车主有点摩擦。eg. Thank you for your t

6、rouble.谢谢你费神。eg. No trouble at all.哪儿的话，不麻烦。2) n.困难，苦恼，苦恼的原因，麻烦的人eg. Whats the trouble?怎么了？family troubles家庭纠纷political troubles政治纠纷eg. Her heart was full of troubles.她非常苦恼。have trouble in doing sth做某事有困难，有麻烦have some trouble in doing sth做某事有一定的难度have great trouble in doing sth做某事有很大的难度have a little

7、 trouble in doing sth做某事有一点困难（原讲课内容为：have little trouble in doing sth 有误，现已改正）have no trouble in doing sth做某事没有困难have difficulty in doing stheg. With my help, you wont have trouble in driving.有我帮忙，你开车不会有困难的。ask for trouble自讨苦吃look for troublebe in trouble有麻烦make trouble惹麻烦The trouble is 糟糕的是，问题在于3)

8、v.使某人苦恼，麻烦，烦劳eg. That student sometimes troubles the teacher with hard questions.那个学生有时会用一些很难的问题麻烦老师。eg. She was troubled by the news of her mothers illness.她对妈妈生病的事感到很苦恼。eg. Sorry to trouble you.不好意思，打扰你了。trouble about为某人担心trouble overeg. Dont trouble about that.别为那件事担心。trouble to do sth特意做某事eg. Do

9、nt trouble to see me off at the station.你不用特意去车站送我了。troubled adj.混乱的eg. Fish in troubled water趁火打劫，浑水摸鱼绕口令：Dont trouble troubles until trouble troubles you. 直到麻烦来惹你之前，不要去惹麻烦。effect ifekt1) n.效果，效应，影响have effect on sb / sth对某人/某事产生影响eg. Did the medicine have any effect on patients?这药对病人有效果吗？eg. The t

10、eachers words had a great effect on him.老师的话对他产生巨大的影响。2）n.结果cause原因cause and effect因果eg. His stomachache is an effect of overeating.他胃疼是吃多了的结果。stomachache stmk,ek 胃痛;腹痛personal effects私人财产，随身携带的物品put sth into effect使某物产生效果bring sth into effectin effect实际上eg. The vice-president is, in effect, the lea

11、der of the company.实际上，副总裁是公司的领导。affect fekt v.对影响，发生作用affect sb影响某人affect sth影响某事eg. Their opinion will not affect my decision.他们的观点不会影响我的决定。eg. The No Parking sign didnt affect those drivers.禁止停车的标志并没有影响到那些司机。eg. The possible gossip of the others couldnt affect her.别人的流言蜚语不会影响到她。eg. Smoking affect

12、s health.吸烟影响健康。affect v.假装affect sickness假装生病affect indifference假装不关心eg. She affects not to hear me.她假装没听到我。Medusa, GorgonGorgon是希腊神话传说中的蛇发女怪，其中之一的Medusa原本是一位有着一头美丽头发的美少女，深得天神宙斯的兄弟海神的宠爱，但却因此遭到海神正妃的嫉妒，被变成一位有着一头蛇发、猪牙般的牙齿、青铜色的手臂以及可飞行的黄金翅膀的丑陋少女，所有的人只要看她一眼就会吓得立刻变成石头。古希腊人将Medusa的头像绘制在盘子上，以达到趋吉避凶的效果。国际著名的

13、意大利时装设计大师范思哲以他自己的名字命名了他的服装品牌，而他的品牌标志就是Medusa，代表着致命的吸引力。课文讲解Key structures现在完成时1.现在完成时have/has+过去分词，表示过去某时的动作对现在存在影响。仔细阅读下列句子，注意与现在完成时连用的表示时间的词或词组：I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.我刚收到我弟弟蒂姆的来信。just刚刚I have not seen Tim since last January.自从去年一月我就没再见过蒂姆。since+某一时间点I have not seen Tim

14、 for three years.我已经三年没有见过蒂姆了。for+一段时间Up till now he has won five prizes.到现在为止他已经赢得五项大奖了。up till now到现在为止I have been toNew Yorkthree times so far.迄今为止我已经去过纽约三次了。so far到现在为止Have you seen this film?你看过这部电影吗？通常搭配的adv.及短语有：just; already; ever; never; recently; lately; yet; so far; for six months2.现在完成时是

15、一个现在时态，所以它可以和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用。如：now; today; this week; this month; this yearThe rain has stopped now.雨终于停了。now相当于at lastI have lived here for five years now.到现在为止我住在这儿已经五年了。now相当于so farHave you seen John today?今天你见过约翰吗？today相当于到现在为止It has rained every day this week.这星期每天都下雨。3.have been与have gone含义不

16、同。I have been to the library.我去过图书馆。He has gone to the library.他去图书馆了。4.非延续性动词可用于完成时中，但不能加一段时间。但是，在否定句中，非延续性动词可用于现在完成时并加一段时间。因为“否定”本身是可以延续的。I have bought a car.我买了一辆车。I have had the car for 3 weeks.我买这辆车已经3周了。I havent bought anything for three months.我已经三个月没有买任何东西了。I havent touched beer for a whole

17、week.我已经一周没沾过啤酒了。5.现在完成时有时带有感情色彩。What have you done !你干了些什么！Now you have done!这下你可闯祸了！定语从句一、在主从复合句中，充当主句某一成分（主语，宾语，表语，状语）的定语的主谓结构叫定语从句。二、定语从句一般是由关系代词（who, that, which, whose, whom）或关系副词（when, where, why）引导的。Do you know the man who came to see Xiao Yang this morning?你认识那个今早来找小杨的人吗？At the time when I

18、saw him, he was well.我看见他的时候，他很好。三、定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。1.限定性定语从句修饰的词代表一个或一类特定的人或东西，如果拿掉了定语从句，剩下的部分就会失去意义，不能成立或意思不清或不能说明问题。Those who want to go please sign their names here.那些想去的人请在这里签名。The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important.昨天我收到的那封他寄来的信非常重要。The students who went to see t

19、he film were very disappointed.那些去看了电影的学生非常失望。2.非限定性定语从句，只对所修饰的词作进一步说明，拿掉之后其他部分仍可成立。She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well.她非常喜欢说法语，而且她说得非常好。I have many friends, some of whom are painters.我有许多朋友，其中一些是画家。非限定性定语从句通常用逗号隔开。3.限定性定语从句1）如果修饰人，一般用关系代词who或用that，作主语时用who较多，且不可省略，如果这

20、个关系代词在从句中作宾语，用宾格whom或that，在口语中可用who代替，但在大多数情况下都可以省略。The people _ you were talking to were Swedes.(who/that/whom/空)宾语He is a man _ you can safely depend on. (who/that/whom/空)宾语Here is the man _ youve been looking for. (who/that/whom/空)宾语2）在表示“的”这个所有关系的时候，可以用它的所有格whose。Is there anyone in your class wh

21、ose family is in the northeast?你们班有家在东北的人吗？3）限定性定语从句如果修饰“物”，用关系代词that或which（但在从句中做主语时不可省略）。The parcel that/which came just now was for Tom.刚刚到的包裹是给汤姆的。The train that/which has just left is forXian.刚开走的火车是去西安的。当这个代词在从句中做宾语时，大多数情况下可省略，尤其在口语中。Is there anything you need?有你需要的东西吗？Anything I can do for yo

22、u?我能为你做些什么？）在介词后只能用which。The tool with which he is working is called a wrench./the tool that he is working with is called a wrench.他用来工作的工具叫做扳手。5）当限定性定语从句修饰一个时间的时候，常用关系副词when来引导定语从句，在很多情况下还可以不用或用that来表达。There are moments when I forget all about it.总有一天我会忘了的。Come any time that you like.你喜欢的话随时都可以来。Sh

23、e made me feel at home the moment I arrived.我一到她就让我感觉好像到了自己家一样。6）限定性定语从句在修饰表示地点的名词前，用关系副词where，在从句中充当状语成分。I know a place where we can swim.我知道一个可以游泳的地方。Is there a shop around where we can get fruit?附近有没有能买水果的商店？7）在reason后的的定语从句可由why来引导，也可常省略。This is the reason (why) I did it.这就是我为什么做这件事的原因。8）在way后也可

24、跟定语从句，不需要关系代词或副词。Thats the way I look at it.那就是我看它的方式。That was the way she looked after us.那就是她照顾我们的方式。Exercise 1:用正确的动词填空1. Up till now we _ (plant) over 24,000 fruit trees. (have planted)2. I _ just _ (receive) an invitation to the party. (have, received)3. So far we _ (discuss) the first five cha

25、pters. (have discussed)4. I _ (not hear) much of him recently. (havent heard)5. _ you ever _ (see) each other before? (Have, seen)Exercise 2:在需要的地方填上who，which，whose，that，when，where或why。1. The only games _ I play are football and tennis.that/which/空2. Thats the way _ I look at it.that/空/in which3. He

26、 is theonlystudent _ understands English well.that/who4. He is a writer _ books are seldom read.whose5. This is the hotelat_ we are staying.which6. This is the hour _ the place is full of children.when7. Lets think of a situation _ this idiom can be used.where8. Thats the horse _ won the race.which/

27、that9. This is the reason _ I did it.why/空10. Is she the girl _ sells flowers?who/that课文内容：Jasper White is one of thoserarepeople who believes in ancient myths. He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners. When he returns home

28、 at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up No Parking signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It i

29、s one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. But none of them has been turned to stone yet!参考翻译：贾斯珀.怀特是少有的相信古代神话的人之一。他刚在城里买下一所新房子，但自从搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了磨擦。当他夜里回到家时，总是发现

30、有人把车停在他家大门外。为此，他甚至一次也没能把自己的车开进车库。贾斯珀曾把几块“禁止停车”的牌子挂在大门外边，但没有任何效果。现在他把一个丑陋的石雕头像放在了大门上边，这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一。我问他那是什么？他告诉我那是蛇发女怪美杜莎。贾斯珀希望她把汽车和车主们都变成石头。但到目前为止还没有一个变成石头呢！1.Jasper White is one of thoserarepeople who believes in ancient myths.贾斯珀.怀特是少有的相信古代神话的人之一。定语从句修饰Jasper Whitebelieve in信仰，信奉She believes in a

31、ncient myths.她相信古代神话。I believe in God.我信奉上帝。I believe in Jesus di:zs.我信耶稣。/I believe in Jesus Christ kraist.believe相信I believe you forever.我永远相信你。I dont believe this story.我不相信这个故事One of+ n.复数One of my friends我的一个朋友2.He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had

32、trouble with cars and their owners.他刚在城里买下一所新房子，但自从搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了磨擦。现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响。have trouble with sb/sth 与产生摩擦3.When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.当他夜里回到家时，总是发现有人把车停在他家大门外。4.Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car i

33、nto his garage even once.为此，他甚至一次也没能把自己的车开进车库。because of +n. / pron. /doing由于because+从句Because it was raining, I had to stay at home./Because of the rain, I had to stay at home.even once甚至一次（否定句中）5.Jasper has put up No Parking signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.贾斯珀曾把几块“禁止停车”的牌

34、子挂在大门外边，但没有任何效果。put up张贴；搭起put up a notice张贴通知put up a tent搭起帐篷have not had any effect/have had no effect没有任何效果（现在完成时）6.Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.现在他把一个丑陋的石雕头像放在了大门上边，这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一。This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我所看过的最

35、好看的电影。He is the noisiest person I have ever met.他是我所见过的最吵闹的人。It is the most expensive car I have ever driven.这是我所开过的最贵的车。This is the worst photo I have ever taken.这是我所拍过的最难看的照片。另一种方式表达同样感情色彩：What a pretty girl! I have never met such a pretty girl before!What a good meal! I have never had such a good

36、 meal before!What a silly story! I have never read such a silly story before!What bad luck! I have never had such bad luck before!7.It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon.我问他那是什么？他告诉我那是蛇发女怪美杜莎。I asked him what it was宾语从句

37、He told me that宾语从句8.Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.贾斯珀希望她把汽车和车主们都变成石头。turn sth into/to sth把变成The witch turned the prince into a fog.女巫把王子变成了青蛙。turn to翻到Please turn to page 20.turn to sb向某人求助，依赖I turned to him for advice.我向他求助意见。9.But none of them has been turned to s

38、tone yet!但到目前为止还没有一个变成石头呢！none of没有none of之后的名词前一定要接the，this，my，your，等修饰限定成分。None of the students could answer the question.没有学生能够回答这个问题。He did none of his task.他没有完成任务。接名词复数时，谓语动词通常视为复数来使用，但作较正式的表达时，则视为单数。None of us have/has ever been abroad.我们中没有人出过国。若名词为不可数，谓语动词则视为单数形式来使用。None of the money was pa

39、id to me.一分钱都没有付给我。所接名词若为复数形式时，指三者中间没有任何一个。neither of指两者中没有一个none other than不外是，就是none the less然而，尽管如此Exercises1. There is always a car outside his gate. _ he cant get his own car into his garage.A. For thisB.BecauseC. Thats whyD. Because of2. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. Ive nev

40、er seen _ .A. an ugly oneB. an ugliest oneC. the ugliest oneD. an uglier one3._ of them has been turned to stone.A. no oneB. not oneC. noD. even one4. Once out of the earths gravity, the astronaut is _ by the problem of weightlessness.A. affectedB. effectedC. inclinedD. related1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A谚语：1. A rose by any name would smell as sweet.人或物不在乎其叫什么，而在于其实质；玫瑰花换一个名字仍然一样香。2. A stitch in time saves nine.一出差错就采取行动可省却以后很多工作；小洞不补，大洞吃苦；即时一针省九针。stitch stit n.(缝纫或编织中的)一针；胁部的突然剧痛；衣服