【XDF修锐老师】标准谬误具体模版课堂参考.doc

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1、标准谬误具体模版课堂参考标准谬误具体模版课堂参考1 论证谬误21. False Analogy and Comparison2 False analogy2 Incomplete comparison and selective comparison2 Confusing comparison and variation22. Hasty generalization2 Different concepts2 Different scopes2 Inferring a future condition from a past condition33. Cause-Effect Fallacie

2、s3 Non causal relationship3 Confusing the cause and the effect3 Confusing concurrence with causal relationship3 Post, ergo propter hoc3 前提谬误41. Survey4 How to do the survey?4Selective sample(见讲义)4Quantity of the sample(见讲义)4Do the statistics make any difference?4What question was asked in the survey

3、?4Who conducted the survey?4When was the survey conducted?4 Result of the survey5Vague data5Completeness5 Respondents of the survey5Are the respondents forthright?5Are the respondents representative?52Necessity and Sufficiency of the Solution53Incomplete Thoughts5Failing to consider the credibility

4、of the evidence/unwarranted assumption5 False dilemma6 结论谬误6 Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion6Failing to weight the advantages and disadvantages thoroughly/unexpected consequences6 论证谬误1. False Analogy and Comparison False analogy1.A可行推不出B可行The arguer unfairly assumes that (what

5、 is true in A) would ensure the similar result in B.2. 解释谬误: B与A为什么不同？3. 纠正建议 Without accounting for possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot convince me that /the arguments conclusion that is indefensible. Incomplete comparison and selective comparison1. The incomplete comparison tha

6、t is a misleading assertion that could not be tested. 2. 跟谁比？(irrelevant comparison) 比什么？(unnecessary conclusion)3. Therefore, providing merely the incomplete information without an all-around comparison showing the similarities, the author cannot convince me effectively. Confusing comparison and va

7、riation1. The comparison/change does not necessarilyfor two reasons.2. First, 横向比较. Second，纵向比较.3. Thus, the mere fact that lends scant support to the recommendation. 2. Hasty generalization Different concepts1. A threshold problem involves the definition of The speaker fails to define this critical

8、 term.2. 定义不清 3. Without a clear definition ofit is impossible to assess the argument. Different scopes1. (以全概偏)The nation wide study showing trends thatdo not necessarily apply to.2. 同false analogy?3. Thus, the nationwide trends that the argument cites amount to scant evident that 1. （以偏概全）This sin

9、gle sampleis insufficient to draw any general conclusion about2. 同false analogy?3. Without additional samples, I can not accept the authors sweeping generalization about Inferring a future condition from a past condition1 .which were effective in the past will also be effective in the future rests o

10、n poor assumption that duringall conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged. 2. 过去和现在的相关差异?3. In other words, the longer the time.the less reliable the conclusion 3. Cause-Effect Fallacies Non causal relationship1. 果.the author cites is not necessarily due to因2. 它因法 3.

11、Since the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for, the author cannot convince me Confusing the cause and the effect1. Fail to rule out the possibility that “原因” merely due to “结果”.2. “结果” “原因” 3. If so, how can the author rely on such a confusion to reasonably conclude that? Co

12、nfusing concurrence with causal relationship把时间同时混淆为因果1 observes a correlation betweenand, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter.2. 它因法 3. Without ruling out all other requisite factors it is unfair to conclude that Post, ergo propter hoc (after this, therefore because of this)把时

13、间先后混淆为因果1. The author concludes that, based on the fact that occurred after 2. 它因法 不能颠倒因果3. Without ruling out such scenarios, the author cannot establish such a cause-effect relationship 前提谬误1. Survey How to do the survey?Selective sample(见讲义)This survey fails to cover all the possibilities of samp

14、les, which result in an undue emphasize onwithout recognizing the fact thatwere actually excluded from the survey.Quantity of the sample(见讲义)The number of participants, 100, might constitute an insufficiently small sample to draw any reliable conclusions aboutAlso, the sample might be unrepresentati

15、ve of district students as a group. (代表性)Do the statistics make any difference?1. The argument treats a lack of proof/two irreconcilable claims that（调查）as constituting sufficient evidence that（结论） 2. The absence of data concerningcould not prove3. Only if the study could provide more accurate data,

16、it would not serve to validate that assumption. What question was asked in the survey? (见讲义)The conclusion would not be well supported if loaded question included in the survey acts in a suggestive role.Who conducted the survey? (见讲义)伴随selective sample一起用The conductor of the survey should possess a

17、neutral attitude; at least have nothing to do with the interest of any side.When was the survey conducted? 数据的刻舟求剑all conditions may vary drastically. The greater the possibilities that the tendency has changed over this time span, the less justifiable the conclusions/inferences are. Result of the s

18、urveyVague data (total population-sample-respondents)It is relative proportion/ vague data rather than total amount that make greater contribution to account for the validity of survey. 比例总量问题（P53）CompletenessThe survey does not provide complete information concerning the effect of Respondents of th

19、e surveyAre the respondents forthright? (见讲义)永不满足的消费者、高尚的人Are the respondents representative? (见讲义)Who are more inclined to respond?Why is there no response?2Necessity and Sufficiency of the Solution The argument assumes that would necessarily and sufficientlywithout substantiating this assumption.

20、Even if, would not suffice to ensure Thus, (other measures) might also be required for 3Incomplete ThoughtsFailing to consider the credibility of the evidence/unwarranted assumption攻击隐藏前提展开： The argument assumes that Yet the argument fails to substantiate this assumption. The author overlooks other

21、possibilities thatWithout ruling out alternative. False dilemmaThe author suffers from “either-or” reasoning. Based on the fact that, the author unfairly concludes thatHowever, the author overlooks 结论谬误 Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion1. The author unfairly assumes the feasibili

22、ty of the conclusion that2. The threshold problem is the proposal would not guarantee the expected consequence in that3. Until the author provides further evidence to exclude all these concerns, it is unfounded to Failing to weight the advantages and disadvantages thoroughly/unexpected consequences1.The author makes certain dubious assertions about.without weighing other unexpected consequences.2. Other possible consequences3. Under any scenario, adopting the authors proposal might harm, rather than benefit,