中国文化英语翻译.doc

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1、Unit1 中国丝绸中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期（前1600前256）丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉（前206公元25）时张蹇通西域，把中元与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征、东方文明的使者。Chinese Silk China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventi

2、ons of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600-BC256BC), the Chinese peoples silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD),Zhang Jian ,an outstanding diplomat ,traveled around central Asia and connected China with

3、the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, Chinas silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color , and abundant cultural connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a sy

4、mbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.Unit 2 中国园林 中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。Chinese Classical GardenThe Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our an

5、cient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” W

6、hen you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers foe viewers.” Of the worlds three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one o

7、f the origins of the worlds garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.Unit3 文房四宝 笔墨纸砚是中国古时文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦（前221前206）时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代（前206公元220）以人工制墨代替了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失使用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝（9601279）以后特指湖笔（浙江湖州）、徽墨（安徽徽州）、宣纸（安徽宣州）、端砚（广东肇庆，古称端州）。可以说文房四宝书写了整

8、个中华文明。The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, inkstick, inkstone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and inkstick have been used by the Chinese to write an

9、d paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty(221BC-206BC),people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese , bamboo slips, wooden table

10、s, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The inkstone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty(960AD-1279AD),the “Four Treasures of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huz

11、hou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the inkstick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province ; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province and duanyan, the inkstone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the “Four Treasures of the Study ” have wr

12、itten the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.Unit 4 对联 对联又称楹联或对子，是依中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。中国对联的哲学深渊及深层民族文化心理，乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴阳二元观念。对联的特征是“对仗”：字数相等，词性相同，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。Antithetical Couplets The antithetical couplet(also called duilian) is also known as yinglian or duilian. An

13、antithetical couplet is kind of national writing style, which is composed by the skillful manipulation of the characteristic of the Chinese language that one character corresponds with one syllable. The philosophical origin and national cultural psychology of the antithetical couplet are the notion

14、of yin-yang duality, according to which the Chinese recognize and master things. The feature of the antithetical couplet is an “antithesis”: equal characters, the same part of speech, the level and oblique fitting with each other, the contents being related, and the rhythms corresponding. There are

15、many types of antithetical couplets, such as Spring Festival couplets, marriage couplets, birthday couplets, elegiac couplets, and antithetical about tea, etc.Unit 5 中国围棋 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“棋”特指围棋。围棋可谓中国的国棋。古称为弈，别称坐稳、手谈。围棋规则则简单而玄妙无穷。棋盘方圆不及二尺，有十九纹棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。表面上对弈双方是对黑白棋子的排布，实则是个人心智、胆识、耐力的比拼。围棋象征宇宙天地，包含

16、了象数易理、兵法策略、治国安邦等无穷的哲理，充分体现了中国文化中的智慧与灵性。Chinese Weiqi The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And chess particularly refers to Chinese Weiqi. Weiqi could be called the national chess of China. In ancient times, Weiqi was called Yi, with the alternative names Zu

17、oyin and Shoutan. The regulations of Weiqi are both simple and complex at the same time. A full Weiqi set has 361 playing pieces and is played on a board with a 19 by 19 grid. The circumference of the board is less than 2/3 metre. Playing Weiqi may look like an arrangement of two sides black and whi

18、te pieces .However ,it is actually a competition between two players and it tests their wisdom, courage, and patience. Weiqi symbolized Heaven and Earth. It contains countless philosophical theories, such as the theories embodied in the image-numerology in The Book Of Changes, the art of war, and th

19、eories on state administration and national security, which embodies the wisdom and the spirit of Chinese culture.Unit 6 中国京剧 京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分为生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行

20、当Chinese Beijing Opera Praised as “Oriental Opera,” Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century,Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind o

21、f opera in China. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main type of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male),dan(young female), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).Unit 7 中国道教 道教是中国土生土长的宗教。创始人是春秋（前770前476）末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的道德

22、经为主要经典。道家主张“重人贵生”，崇尚清静无为、修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。Chinese Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching, whose authorship has been a

23、ttributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoism classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human beings life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from ones mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example

24、of Laozis golden sayings: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids

25、himself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.Unit 8 中国成语 成语是汉语中意义完整地表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”即是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。Chinese Idi

26、oms Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of f

27、our characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(blue than indigo), and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extracted from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are

28、 a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality. Fill in the blanks with proper words1.refers to; approval; consists of; discussion; accounts for; main; puts forward; a series of;deals with; gone through; rather than; increasing; expand; marketing; summed This report concern

29、s the delivery serves we wish to 1_for our clients. Our market research company has already given the information to the_2_ department on their recent research. The _3_points of this information will be given in_4_ short reports for the committee to examine in their own time.The marketing department

30、 has now made a plan of action for_5_ our delivery service. The Managing Director has examined this carefully and given it his 6_. Essentially it presents three suggestions for 7_and explains the reasons why we should consider a slow _8_a rapid expansion.This report 9_those reasons and is in three p

31、arts it gives more details about the difficulties we have had with recruiting staff:1 it gives more details about the difficulties we have had with recruiting staff.2 it explains why our delivery service had problems last month.3 it 10_the problems caused by rising inflation.Key: 1.expand; 2.marketi

32、ng; 3.main; 4.a series of; 5.increasing; 6.approval; 7.descussion; 8.rather than; 9.summrizes; 10.deals with2The sun is shinning and everything looks bright. Stand in the sun. Can you feel the heat of the sun? The sun that gives the heat is very far away. It is hard to believe but the sun is 1_one h

33、undred and fifty million kilometers_2_. If a plane flew day and night _3_stopping, it would take nearly 18 years to _4_ the sun.The sun does seem very big to us, but its really very huge. One million balls _5_ our earth could fit inside the sun. The sun looks small because it is so far away.Our eart

34、h is cool enough to _6_ because the hot sun is so far away. If the sun were much nearer, our earth would be too hot to live on. If there were_7_ sun, the earth would be so cold that _8_could live on it. Arent we_9_ be just about the right distance_10_ the sun? around, no, get to, lucky to, run into,

35、 live on, from, go off, something, about, likely to, into, away, turn into, give, better, nothing, without, much, as big asKey: 1about 2away 3without 4get to 5as big as 6live on 7no 8nothing 9lucky to 10from3hold; constitutes; only ; tends; cherishes; puts; both; alert; explosively; with; flight; al

36、ter; on the face of; shrinking; trend ; entire; completely; gold; board; impossible; another; town; empty; bought; anythingAlthough the United States_1 the tradition that it is a nation of small towns and wide open spaces, _2 one in every eight Americans now lives on a farm. The recent population _3

37、 has been a double one, toward _4 urbanization and suburbanization. Merropolitan areas have grown_5 in the past decade, and nearly half this increase has been in the suburbs. _6 the rapid growth of cities has come equally rapid decentralization（分散，疏散）. The_7 of Americans from the central city to the

38、 suburbs _8 one of the greatest migrations of modern times; quiet residential sections outside cities have become big gathering of streets, split-level houses, and shopping centers.This spurt of suburban expansion, however, does not_9 the basic fact that the United States has become one of the most

39、urban nations_10 the earth. Census Bureau figures show that the rural population has been _11 steadily since 1830. When the United States became a nation it had no large cities at all; today some fifty cities have populations of more than 258,000. Mammoth complexes of cities are developing in the ar

40、ea of the East Coast and the east north-central states, on the Pacific and Gulf coasts, and near the shores of the Great Lakes. Some sociologists now regard the _12_ 600-mile stretch between Boston and Washington, D.C.-an area holding a fifth of the countrys population-as one vast city or, as they c

41、all it, megalopolis.Key: 1Cherishes; 2 only ; 3 trend ; 4 both ; 5 explosively; 6 With; 7 flight; 8 constitutes; 9 alter; 10 on the face of 11 shrinking; 12 entire 4Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large_1_ on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human

42、condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under _2_ circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their _3_ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难).

43、People with strong social ties live _4_ and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a ranger of illnesses, from _5_ to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off (挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more _6_.Social

44、 support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they _7_ us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others_8_ our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to

45、 _9_ and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third , we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social need while at the same tome distracting(转移注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, oth

46、er people may give us instrumental support-_10_ aid, material resources, and needed services- that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.A likely B dependent C amount D interpersonal E disappointment F financial G measure H confine I define J value K depression L despite M longer N stressful O probable Key: 1.G 2.N 3.L 4.J 5.O 6.E 7.H 8.C 9.A 10.F