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1、USThe full name of America is the United States of America。The American flag is often called the “The Stars and Stripes”.The American anthem圣歌 is often called the “The Star-Spangled Banner”.2. Location and Size P.169The mainland of the U.S.A. isl Situated in the south of North America, mainly within

2、 the northern temperate zone;l Facing the Pacific Ocean on the west. It provides convenient sea routes for Americas foreign trade with the Far East;l Bordering on the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The Atlantic is still the most important sea route from American to Europe and the Middle East;l Borderin

3、g on the Gulf of Mexico to the south;Two land neighbours: Canada to the north and Mexico to the south；It consists of 50 states of which two (Alaska and Hawaii) are separated from the continental U.S.A.河流图 P.203 l The old immigrationthose who were “pushed out” of Europe and came to settle in America

4、before 1860.l The new immigrationthose who were “pulled to” America by expectation of good jobs and high income after 1860.The Chinese-Americans (over 1 million)A. Before the 1920s:Before the 1920s, there was no numerical restriction on immigration in America, although the 1882 Chinese Exclusive Act

5、 banned Chinese immigration for years and made it impossible for Chinese immigrants to become naturalized citizens. B. The 1920s and 1930s:mainly English C. From 1965 to 1980:racial discrimination is abolished.种族歧视被废除 The first immigration upsurge of the Chinesethe California Gold Rush in1849.The se

6、cond immigration upsurge of the Chinesethe construction of the US continental railroad in the early 1860s.Immigration laws in historyP.177The 1882 Chinese Exclusive Act banned Chinese immigration for years and made it impossible for Chinese immigrants to become naturalized citizens. The 1920s and 19

7、30s:The 1921 Emerging Quota Act and the 1924 National Origins Act (together known as the Immigration Quota Law移民入境限额法set limits on the number of immigrants from each country based on “national origin” (the number of people allowed to enter America from each country was based on the number of people

8、from that country already living in America), making it easy for those of North European background to enter the country, restricting those of South and East European background and excluding Asians. The 1924 Act took effect in 1929 and remained valid until 1965. From 1965 to 1980:The U.S. governmen

9、t made another important change in its policy in 1965 when Congress passed a new law to replace The Immigration Quota Law. Under the new law, racial discrimination is abolished.Melting Pot镕炉 VS. Salad Bowl色拉盘 P.183 背whatThe United States is a nation of many ethnic groups and it is known as a “Meltin

10、g Pot”, but recently, more sociologists prefer the term “Salad Bowl” when describing American cultural identity. Even though a salad is mixed together, the individual components are still easily recognizable. Contrary to the melting pot image, which emphasizes total assimilation同化into mainstream Ame

11、rican society, the salad bowl metaphor believes it is possible to be a good American while at the same time retaining the values, customs, language, and culture of the country of the immigrants origin.In 1908, the melting pot became the title of a popular play when the United States was experiencing

12、 a massive non-Anglo-Saxon immigration. The metaphor was adopted from steel-making to dramatize a process by which racial “inferiors” were to be burned away in the crucible熔炉of the New World and the highest qualities of intellect and physical strength fused into a new race of man. Racial supremacy种族

13、优越感, then, can be discerned可看出from this metaphor.1. Government P.170（重点）The system of government of the U.S. is Federalism.Government principles 背 P.170l The government derives its power from the consent of the governedthe supremacy of the people over the government.l The power of the government mus

14、t be limited and divided by the Constitution.l The government should be granted adequate power for achieving its appropriate purpose.Federalism联邦制 P.1722. Division of Government Power P.172Both the federal government and the state governments are supreme within the sphere of their authority. The fed

15、eral government and the state governments are equal before the U.S. Constitution.（背）The Federal联邦的 GovernmentA. Delegated powers of the federal governmentB. Three branches of the federal governmenta. The legislativethe Congress is the law-making body.b. The executivethe Administration headed by the

16、President.c. The judiciala system of law courts headed by the Supreme Court.C. The check and balance system P.173a. The legislative body P.173 & P.354The Congress is divided into two chambers: The Senate and the House of Representatives. 参议院和众议院。Remember 1: The Congress can check the President by de

17、clining his demand for money or refusing to pass his proposals into law.Remember 2: Only the Congress has the power to declare war.l A person to be elected representative in the House must be 25 years of age or over.l The chairman of the House is called the Speaker, leader of the majority party.l Bo

18、th major parties have their chiefs in the House called floor leaders党派头目.Remember3: The impeachment power and the initiation of revenue bills are the exclusive powers of the House of Representatives.2). Presidential electionl The presidential election is held every four years.l Every natural-born US

19、 citizen of or over 35 years old can run for the Presidency.l The President cannot serve for more than two terms. (With one exception, Who?)c. The judicial branch P.174 (elaborated in the next Chapter: the Law and Justice)The judicial branch of the federal government is composed of a system of law c

20、ourts headed by the Supreme Court. It has the power to review legislative and executive actions. 3. Political Parties, Elections and Interest Groups P.341Two-party systemthe Democratic Party and the Republican Party民主党和共和党The partys main function is to help its candidates win elections.A. The Democr

21、atic Party 民主党 Symbola donkeyB. The Republican Party 共和党 Symbolan elephant联邦法以州法存在Governments major measures to help farmers 背:A. Acreage limitation限制英亩数to reduce the total agricultural output and keep reasonable pricesB. Price supports价格支持prices set by the government for certain productsC. Deficien

22、cy payments赤字补贴income support for farmersMajor Cities P.221 背New York Americas largest cityLos Angeles the second largest city Chicago the third largest city如：Boston波士顿，New York，Philadelphia费城，Pittsburgh匹兹堡，Chicago芝加哥，Detroit底特律，Houston休斯顿Washington华盛顿，Birmingham伯明翰San Francisco旧金山Seattle西雅图 Atlanta

23、亚特兰大Miami迈阿密Education P.365The general goal is to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills which are necessary in promoting their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public.（common with UK)Elementary and Secondary Education P.366l 13-year

24、compulsory education at the public expense for every childl Co-existence of public schools (80-85%) and private schools (15-20%)l No religious teachings in public schoolsl No unified national curriculum or text-booksGeneral features of the US education P.366l American education emphasizes cultivatin

25、g students minds and students are encouraged to learn by doing, by inquiring, by discussing and by expressing themselves.l American education pays much attention to cultivating the spirit of self-reliance.The 50s witnessed the “American family myth” and the baby boom.(二战后）The traditional family valu

26、es were challenged and divorce rate climbed in the 60s and 70s as a result of: 背(1) Full-time paid jobs for women;(2) The feminist movement for equal rights with men;(3) The invention of birth-control pills.(4) Young peoples disillusionment about traditional family value.The mass media in the United

27、 States claim explicit recognition of their right to be free from government control and censorship美国媒体不受政府控制与审查US history113 English-American Colonies殖民地The first settlement at Jamestown Virginia, in 1607 P.240 school,bible, fatherThe Early Immigrants：religion teaching P.242The Declaration of Indep

28、endence 独立宣言(July 4, 1776) P.253The Keynote of the Declarationequality and freedom for all menHistorical significance of the Declaration:背l It approached the problem of American independence from the viewpoint of human rights.l Its principal point was to provide a legal basis for independence.l It j

29、ustified the forthcoming Revolution by defining the rights of men and the nature of government in relation to such rights.3.(Added later in 1791) The Bill of Rights权利法案the result of a compromise妥协 made by the Federalists P.262The U.S. Constitution 宪法P.262Its ratification承认 (1788)a compromise agreeme

30、nt born out of practical needIts essence本质division of power (the check and balance system)The purpose of the division of powerto make government officials powerless beyond the constitutional limit。It doubled the territory of the U.S.A. and added to it the new states ofLouisiana美国路易斯安那州。4. The signif

31、icance of the Purchase背：l It doubled the territory of the U.S.A. and added to it the new states 。l It put the Mississippi River system under the complete control of the U.S.A.l The newly-purchased area was rich in natural resources.The Monroe Doctrine (1823) P.270l “America for Americans”a principle

32、 of American foreign policy 美洲是美洲人的美洲。l The “Glorious Isolation”a good chance for internal developmentDirect Effect of the Westward Immigration P.279l The U.S. territory was greatly enlarged.土地l Americas population increased from 7 million to 33 million.l Many big cities appeared in the Middle West.

33、5. The Civil War内战 (April 12, 1861April 9,1865)背景：l Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th U.S. President. P.286l The Southern States feared that Lincoln would take more drastic measures against slavery and they seceded from the Union to form their own country. P.286 the mapl Lincoln was confronted wi

34、th a critical situation. l Lincolns objective to fight the War: to save the Union目的文件：Lincoln The Emancipation Droclamation解放宣言Effect of the Civil War P.294l It put an end to the slave system in America but racial segregation still existed.l It taught Americans another lesson and greatly influenced

35、Americas military science.民权运动后奴隶制才算废除1960sAppearance of monopoly P.298垄断Large trusts were formed to avoid tense competition and achieve super profits.3. The Great Depression P.311Backgroundl Wartime prosperity:Agriculture: a ready market in Europe, enlarged production, raised price of staple farm p

36、roductsIndustry: increased market demand for farm machines, fast development of the military industry, European market for American manufactured goods, increased car production with the introduction of assembly-line techniques, demand for more high waysl Potential danger: gap between overproduction

37、and small consuming power (cause of the economic crisis)4. The New Deal P.313Definition: Program of social and economic reforms introduced by President Roosevelt between 1933-1941 to fight against the effects of the Great DepressionSteps taken by the President:l To adjust and regulate the bank syste

38、ml To enlarge employment and raise the purchasing power by creating new jobsl To solve the farmers problems by cutting production and providing loans on easy termsHistorical influence of the New Deal: P.315l Basic concept of the reforms:A. The government should be responsible for the healthy develop

39、ment of national economy and social security.B. The growth of production could be maintained only when the purchasing power was strong enough to consume its output.l Big governmentincreased government role in the nations economic lifel Government projectsto put people to workl Governments cooperatio

40、n with farmers to make a better use of landl Growth of the strength of the workers organizationsl Growth of social welfareThe US neutrality 中立政策P.305l The primary goal of the US foreign policy: to keep Latin America as its backyard and press forward with the “Open Door” doctrine by relying on its ec

41、onomic strengthl Aim of the neutral policy: to make a profit by continuing US trade with the warring countriesThe Prohibition Law P.310波兰 Pearl Harbow后参战8.水门事件：尼克松英美概况复习题及参考答案II. Fill in the blanks: 12. During the Civil War, the Cavaliers supported _, while the Roundheads supported _. 13. After the

42、Civil War, Oliver Cromwell declared England a _, later, he became _. 35. In _, Alaska and Havaii became the 49th and 50th states. 36. In the Great Lakes, only _ belongs to U.S. completely while the other four are shared with Ganada. 37. _ is separated from the main land by Canada. 38. The Rockies, t

43、he backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as _. 39. _ is the largest continental state in area in the U.S. 40. The West can be divided into three parts: the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains and _. 41. The South is the headquarters of a large segment of the _ and _ industry. 42. New

44、 England is sometimes called the _ of America. 43. _ is considered to be one of the characteristics of the American people since one in five moves to a new home every year. 44. The first blacks were brought to north America as slaves in _. 45. The largest group of Asian-Americans are the _. II. Fill

45、 in the blanks: 1. highlands, lowlands 2. west 3. Anglo-Saxons, Celts 4. Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Angles 5. Hastings 6. feudal 7. Domesday Book, 1086 8. Thomas Becket 9. Black Death, two 10. yeomen 11. the Divine Right of Kings 12. the king, the Parliament 13. Commonwealth, Lord Protector 14. Union, S

46、cotland 15. Whigs Tories Liberal Conservative 16. James Watt steam engine 17. workship 18. Winston Churchill19. oil 20. the North Sea 21. Scotland 22. microprocessors and computer, biotechnology 23. Opposition, shadow 24. the Queen, No. 10 Downing 25. country councils, district councils 26. innocenc

47、e 27. 12, 15 28. the House of Lords 29. the National Health Service, social security 30. the Church of England, the Church of Scotland 31. 5, 4, 16 32. eleven-plus, comprehensive schools 33. further education, high education 34. Oxford, Cambridge, 12th, 13th 35. 1959 36. Lake Michigan 37. Alaska 38.

48、 the Continental Divide 39. Texas 40. the Intermountain Basin and Plateau 41. rocket/missile 42. birthplace 43. Mobility 44. 1619 45. Chinese-AmericansIII. Explain the following terms. 1. the Great Lakes （2 points）The Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, wh