大学英语四级考试写作讲义.doc

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1、大学英语四级考试写作讲义一、 题型介绍写作（writing）部分测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。写作选用考生所熟悉的题材。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。二、 写作话题和体裁分析：1）写作话题来说基本分两大类：1. 校园生活2. 热点话题2）体裁：1. 议论文2说明性议论文3. 叙事性议论文4. 说明文重点：议论的基本能力三、评分标准：2分 - 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎。5分- 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严

2、重错误。8分- 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分- 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分 - 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。字数不够酌情扣分：90-99： 扣一分80-89： 扣两分70-79： 扣三分60-69： 扣5分50-59： 扣7分例题：Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic “Practice Makes Perf

3、ect”. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the Outline below:1. 怎样理解“熟能生巧”？2. 例如：在英语学习中3. 又如：14 points Sample:It is a famous saying that practice makes perfect. The truth of it is self-evident. The more you practice, the more skillful you will be. Moreover, you

4、 will find better ways of doing things. As everyone can see, practice helps us to be efficient.When we study English, we have so much to learn, such as Grammar, vocabulary. In order to learn it well, we need much practice. We must read a lot, write a lot and listen to a lot. Only through practice ca

5、n we have a good command of it. Do remember to practice if you want to speak English fluently and express yourself freely.Another case in point is typing. A good typist can type fast and accurately. But you will not be surprised at her performance if you know how much time she has spent practicing.

6、Through practice, she has both her typing speed and accuracy to be improved.It goes without saying that practice makes perfect. Since all of us have realized the importance of practice, why not put it into practice?本文最大的特点是连贯性好。作者在文中用了大量的连接词，如：moreover, as, when, in order to, if, but, since等；第二段还用了一

7、个only开头的倒装句，收到了很好的效果；文章的最后一句与标题呼应，意味深长。11 points sample:We all know that Practice Makes Perfect. But how to grasp its spirit is still a problem. When you fist do a special job, you will find it is hard for you to complete it very quickly and correctly. The way to solve this problem is to practice. A

8、fter some time, when you do it again, you will find you can do it better than before. It is because your practice makes perfect.It is very important to remember many new words when you study English. At first, perhaps you can not remember so many new words in short time. Then you need practice. When

9、 you practice more and more, you will find it is not so difficult to remember new words, there is many rules in their spellings. The more you practice, the more rules you can grasp. Then you can easily remember new words.For another example, if you are asked to play baskerball, perhaps youve never t

10、oughed basketball before, perhaps you can not control the ball and can not shoot. Thats not a problem. The success lies in practice. If you practice more, soon you can became a good player. You can control the ball freely and shoot precisely. If you dont trust it, just try it.整篇文章表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错

11、误，结尾无力。作文自我批改评分表：扣题及结构字 数语法及单词错误书 法连贯及文采好中差多中少少中多好中差好中差542120320210210近11年四级考试作文题目：年份四级作文题目2009.6Free Admission to Museums2008.12Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags2008.6Recreational Activities2007.12What electives to Choose2007.6Welcome to Our Club2006. 12On the CCTV Spring Festival Gala200

12、6. 6On Students Selecting Lectures2006.6Volunteers Needed2005. 12Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?2005.6In Honor of Teachers on the Occasion of Teachers Day2004.12A Campaign Speech2004.6A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction2003. 12A Letter in Reply to a Friend2003. 6An Eye-Wit

13、ness Account of a Traffic Accident2002.12It Pays to Be Honest2002.6Student Use of Computers2002.1A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus2001. 6A letter to a Schoolmate2001.1How to Succeed in a Job Interview?2000.6Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?2000.1How I Fina

14、nce My College Education?1999.6Reading Selectively or Extensively?1999.1Dont Hesitate to Say “No”三、 写作技巧：议论文的思路与练习a. 看到题目做分析，然后“思维风暴”，把你想要写的方面的内容的关键词写在纸上。把大的题目化小，从细节入手，小处细处见真情练一练：1) Dont hesitate to say “No”(1991.1)2) The influence of Internet3) Harmfulness of Fake Commodities (1998.1)b. 逆向思维，从命题的对立

15、面去思考问题，大谈如果缺失该事物将会怎样。练一练：1) The importance of fresh drinking water2) Advantages of a Harmonious Familyc. 分组或分层思考：分组：读者或受众的年龄，性别，国别等；专家，群众；拥护者，反对者分层：政府，社会，个体（我）d. 举例子两种基本推理法常用于议论文中，一种是归纳推理法（Induction）,一种是演绎推理法（Deduction）。归纳法是从个别（特殊）到一般的推理方法；演绎法则从一般陈述开始，最后得出一般性的结论，是一种从一般到个别（特殊）的推理方法。1） 确信理解主题写作之前，仔细思考

16、并确信已完全理解主题。2） 列出清单写之前可列出事物的好处和坏处，以便收集信息。3） 确立自己的观点是支持，反对，还是两边说4） 仔细组织理想的论述顺序是从低潮到高潮，即按重要程度排列。文章结尾部分是最重要的地方，应尽可能给读者留下深刻印象。5） 加进详细资料以支持每个论点开始写文章主体部分时，记住要用详细资料支持每个论点。你需要提供事实、统计数字、实例等6） 得出结论最后，需要一个简短的结论。在四级考试中，作者往往没有时间写出非常详尽的结论，那么简单写出一两个结论性的句子也可以。但要记住你的观点要明确。记叙文思路与练习：“六大要素”即：时间（When）地点（Where）人物（Who）事件（W

17、hat）原因（Why）结果（How）说明文思路练习：1. 定义法2. 举例法3. 分类法4. 比较法5. 数字法结构组成：1） 段落基本结构与写法：主题句- 拓展句- 结尾句2） 段落的连贯和完整：联结词的使用3） 句子的完整性，忌全篇使用短句子，要使用几个长句、复合句四级作文通常是三股文：开头-中间-结尾，段落内也是：主题句-拓展句-结尾句一、 开头段：可以提出一个观点或者列举一个现象，或者用引语开头，或者用设问开头常用句型：(1) When asked about , most people say(2) When it comes to, some people think(3) Now

18、 it is widely believed(4) In reaction to the idea, some people say (5) These days we often hear about(6) Many nations have been faced with the problem(7) Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern(8) is another bitter truth we have to face now(9) Nowadays there is a growing tendency(10) One of

19、 the great early writers said(11) “Knowledge is power.” Such is the remark of (12) Should we? Opinions vary greatly.(13) A proverb says, “You are only young once.”(14) It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(15) According to a recent survey, about 70% of the college students wanted t

20、o further their study after their graduation.二、 文章主体写作绝招1、 善用引导词可以把引导词置于段首或文中比较显著的位置，使文章更具条理性。推荐：1) to begin with, then, furthermore, finally2) to start with, next, in addition, finally3) first and foremost, besides, last but not least4) most important of all, moreover, finally5) on one hand, on the

21、 other hand6) for one thing, for another thing7) in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly2、 多用书面语写文章时多用书面语。如：在表示“好”时，选择generous, interesting, smart, gentle等词要比单用nice效果好很多。DentaltoothCorporalbodyOculareyeAuralearCarnalfleshAccommodationroomsCease stopComestiblesfoodCommence

22、beginConcealhideDeemthinkDispatchsend outDonategiveDwellliveEdificebuildingEndeavortryEvinceshowExpeditehastenExtendgiveFeasiblepossibleFelicitatecongratulateLocatefindObtaingetPartakesharePerchanceperhapsPurchasebuyRemove take awayResideliveVeritabletrueVesselship3、 善用短语使用恰当的短语不仅能为文章增色，还能增加文章字数，减轻字

23、数压力。如：I cannot bear it. - I cannot put up with it.I want it. - I am looking forward to it.4、善于变换句式（1）运用串联词。相信每个考生都希望在作文中写出一些长句，以增加文章的可读性，但句子越长，失误就可能越多，所以不少考生对使用长句战战兢兢。解决这个问题的办法就是多使用串联词，如：and, besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover等。这些词可以连接前后两个有先后联系或并列关系的句子。I like sports and Jim is fond of drawing.

24、Not only is the coat soft, but also its warm.（2）运用转折句。在评论型作文中，先对自己反对的观点进行一些正面评论，再用转折性连词或短语despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of等引出自己的观点，这样做往往会让论述更有说服力。The internet has brought people great convenience in getting information, entertainment and contact with others. However, it offers

25、 unhealthy programs that involve violence and sex content.（3）运用失衡句。失衡句常为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句的变形。适当运用失衡句往往可突显文章中的闪光点，增加考试得分。I can do this. - This is what I can do.Im not sure whether he can go with us. - Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.（4）运用同位语或插入语。合理运用同位语和插入语也是为文章增加亮点的不错选择，这样不但能增加文章字数，还有可能提高阅

26、卷者对作文的印象分。It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes increasingly serious.Mr. Smith, professor of Harvard University, will come to our school at the end of this month.（5）运用排比句。排比句运用得当是一篇作文吸引人的原因之一，它可以使文章读起来朗朗上口、优美流畅。如果在四级作文中适当加入一些排比句，定能让作文大放光彩。Whether your tastes are modern or tra

27、ditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potential and to pay for our lives.模板写作法：模板1.正面现象阐释型:1. 出现了XXX现象;2. 出现这一现象的原因;3. 这一正面现象的优势是什么;4. 我们应该保持和发展这一正面现象;5. 怎样保持和发展这一正面现象. 英文模板1. It is a fact, un

28、iversally acknowledged, that _.2. The first reason is that _. Whats more, _. Most important of all, _.3. Today, if you want to _, _ is absolutely necessary. Through _, _ can _. And _, at the same time, _. In addition, it is _ for _ to _.4. Therefore, please pay more attention to _ and you will see t

29、heir advantages.5. Only when _ can this brings us much more benefits and provides us a reliable way to _.1995年6月四级英语作文真题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Advantages of a Job Interview. You should write at least 100 words and you should base

30、 your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 现在找工作一般都要面试,通过面试,面试者和应试者可以相互了解情况;2. 面试者可以向应试者介绍情况,如工作性质,条件,待遇等;3. 应试者也有机会给对方留下一个好印象,如可以表现出自信心,可以介绍教育背景,工作能力等.学生作文:Advantages of a Job InterviewJob interviews are very important. You can show your good to the interviewers. We graduate stude

31、nts must go to interviews, because we want to get jobs. And we know more about the company if we take interviews.Today, you must go to interviews if you want to get a job. Because the interviewer can give us much information about the job, the conditions and the wage. Then, the interviewee can show

32、his working ability, confidence and education to the interviewers. Finally, we can know more about the real world outside.So, interviews are very important.Advantage of a Job interviewIt is a fact, universally acknowledged, that a job interview is very important for graduates. The first reason is th

33、at an interview can let people see the best in you. Whats more, every graduate has to experience it. Most important of all, it gives a good way for the interviewer and interviewee to know each other.Today, if you want to find a job, an interview is absolutely necessary. Through the interview, the in

34、terviewer can give the interviewee some information about the nature of the job, the working condition, the payment and so on. And the interviewee, at the same time, can show his working ability, confidence and educational background. In addition, it is an important chance for students to expose the

35、mselves to the society.Therefore, please pay more attention to your interviews and you will see their advantages. (138 words)模板2. 反面现象阐释型1. 存在XXX现象,这一现象对人类或者社会是有危害的,并且受到了普遍关注.2. 这一现象的表现方式有哪些.3. 这一现象的危害有哪些.4. 引起这一现象的原因.5. 我们如何去解决这一问题.6. 我们要倡导相对应的正面行为.7. 我们倡导相对应的正面行为能给我们带来什么好处.8. 我们如何倡导正面行为.英文模板:1. It

36、 is undeniable that _, which does us much harm in many respects, has aroused public concern nowadays.2. For example, _. And _. Even _, once considered _, _.3. It goes without saying that _ bring _ many bad effects. Obviously, _. Besides, _. What makes it even worse is that _.4. There are many reason

37、s responsible for this problem, and the following are the typical ones. For one thing, _. In addition, _. The main reason is that _.5. While many people attach great importance to this problem, no real effective actions have been taken to solve it. Therefore, we should do our utmost in doing somethi

38、ng to solve it. One of the ideal way is that _. Another way is that _.6. Despite the widespread practices of _, we should take firm steps to end this unhealthy trend, so as to make this world more beautiful.7. It is unequivocally well known that _ is beneficial to the people involved. Meanwhile, a s

39、ense of _ builds up in others hearts, which, in turn, will _. But it is probably less well known that _ is equally beneficial to ourselves.8. Therefore, it is high time we went ahead and devised a way to obviate this problem. _ is one of those amazingly practical means.2003年1月四级英语作文真题Directions: For

40、 this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象;2. 诚实利人利己,做人应该诚实.It Pays to Be HonestIt is undeniable that dishonesty in our society prevails, w

41、hich does us much harm in many respects, has aroused public concern nowadays. For example, many doctors sell unnecessary but expensive medicines to their parents in order to gain more money. And a lot of people buy fake certificates so as to get better jobs. Also, some students cheat on exams. Even

42、such famous figure as Liu Xiaoqing, once considered Chinas movie queen, cheated the government on income taxes.It is unequivocally well known that being honest is beneficial to the people involved. Meanwhile, a sense of honesty builds up in others hearts, which, in turn, will earn you true friendshi

43、p. But it is probably less well known that being honest is equally beneficial to ourselves.Despite the widespread practices of dishonesty, we should take firm steps to end this unhealthy trend, so as to make the world more beautiful. (148 words)模板3 途径方法型1. 了解某一现象/解决某一问题的必要性或者重要性.2. 了解某一现象/解决某一问题的途径.3. 我通过什么途径去解决.4. 我通过这一途径解决的理由.5. 我对这一现象/问题的看法.1. Now there is a growing awareness of the necessity for _ to _.