[初中英语语法总复习]初中英语五种语法知识点总结.docx

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1、初中英语语法总复习初中英语五种语法知识点总结初中英语有很多的语法，驾驭了对写作阅读有大帮助我在这里整理了五种供大家阅读，快来学习学习吧!初中英语五种语法学问点总结一.名词I.名词的种类：专出名词一般名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不行数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般状况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, b

2、ox-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专出名词以y结尾的

3、，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboo

4、s, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1变更名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, go

5、ods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特殊含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(心情), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), p

6、apers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示某国人加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy

7、 friends无主体名词时将最终一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的全部格：名词在句中表示全部关系的语法形式叫做名词全部格。全部格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s全部格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother

8、,不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights,以s结尾的人名全部格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的全部关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans andAmericas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的全部关系时在最终一词末加sJapan andAmericas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，全部格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my

9、uncles2. s全部格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population,Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特别关系的名词th

10、e lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of全部格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)，定冠词(the)，和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1指一

11、类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示每一相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示相同相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不相识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of,

12、a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pa

13、cific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示一家人或夫妇the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前theUnited States, the Communist Party o

14、fChina, the French9用于表示独创物的单数名词前The compass was invented inChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年头in the 11010s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专出名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack,China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no

15、, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife,

16、 knife and fork, day and night8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.三.代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself

17、, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ e

18、itherII. 不定代词用法留意点：1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于确定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到确定的答复，或者表示建议，恳求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me somemone

19、y?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示大约，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Doyou feel any better today?2. each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必需是三个或三个以上。Each stu

20、dent has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has adictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us hasstrong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不行数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there

21、in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:1) other泛指另外的，别的常与其他词连用，如：theother day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class fail

22、ed, but all the others passed theexam.2) another指又一个，另一个无所指，复数形式是others，泛指别的人或事如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / someothers.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eitherall表示不行数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。b

23、oth和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all ofthe books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us is a teacher.四.形容词和副词I.形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列状况后置：1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one

24、等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult

25、 to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的依次：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词全部格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形态新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace

26、-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII. 副词副词的分类：1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why

27、3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1. 同级比较时经常用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I

28、amnot so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, alittle, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方改变时用the morethe more句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a moreworrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our

29、 school is three times larger than yours./Our school is fourtimes as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6. 表示最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent, extreme, perfect。五.介词I.介词分类：1简洁介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介词inside, i

30、nto, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between5分词转化成的介词considering(就而论), including6形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介词区分：1表示时间的i

31、n, on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2表示时间的since, fromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点起先3表示时间的in, afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一详细时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表示在上的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示穿过的through, acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关7表示关于

32、的about, onabout指涉及到，on指特地论述8between与among的区分between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区分besides指除了还有再加上，except指除了，减去什么，不放在句首10表示用的in, withwith表示详细的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区分as意为作为，以地位或身份，like为象一样，指情形相像12in与into区分in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置分类词汇记忆疾病与伤痛accident事故，意外的事ache难受blind失

33、明burn烧伤火、热或酸所造成的损害或伤痕cancer癌症cold伤风；感冒cough咳嗽cut剪；切；割disease疾病fever发烧；发热flu流感headache头痛illness疾病；生病；不健康problem问题，难题toothache牙疼trouble问题，疾病；苦恼，麻烦wound伤，损害感觉与情感ache难受attention留意，关切care照料，爱护，当心cheer欢呼;喝彩cheat骗取，哄骗，作弊cry喊叫;哭doubt怀疑；怀疑emotion感情，情感excuse宽恕；宽恕favorite最受宠爱的(东西）fear恐惊，胆怯feeling感觉，知觉，触觉fun欢乐；

34、好玩的，令人开心的greeting庆贺hate恨；厌烦hobby嗜好，爱好interest爱好，爱好joy快乐，兴奋，乐趣laugh笑；大笑；讪笑love爱；酷爱；很喜爱pardon宽恕，宽恕peace和平；安静；清寂pity怜悯；怜悯pleasure开心；欢乐；兴奋praise赞扬，表扬pride骄傲，傲慢regard关切，留意，致意，问候，敬重respect敬重，敬重regret惋惜，缺憾；痛惜；哀悼shame惭愧，惭愧silence宁静；缄默sense感觉，推断力smell气味；嗅觉smile微笑surprise使惊讶；景气；令人意想不到的事情sweet甜蜜taste尝；品尝；品尝thank感谢；谢意touch碰，触摸wish愿望;祝福wonder惊异，惊羡；奇迹worry苦恼；担忧；发怒；困扰victory成功初中英语五种语法学问点总结