统计基础与品质统计.ppt
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1、1統計基礎及品質統計資料數據基礎統計學生產製造環境品質統計圖表製程能力分析SPC統計製程控制2資料及數據3你想瞭解什麽?資訊源資訊源:分組離散型名義型 順序型 間距型“資資料料本本身身並並不不能能提提供供資資訊訊 必必須須對對資資料料加加以以處處理理以以後後才能得到資訊才能得到資訊,而處理資料的工具就是統計學而處理資料的工具就是統計學”.衡量連續型比率型文字的(AtoZ)圖示的口頭的數位的(0-9)數據4FAILPASS計時器計時器 NO-GOGO數量數量 單價單價 說明說明 總價總價 裝貨單裝貨單 離散型資料和連續型資料電氣電路電氣電路溫度溫度溫度計溫度計連續型連續型離散型離散型卡尺卡尺錯誤
2、錯誤5$連續資料的優勢連續的連續的離散的離散的信息量少信息量多6離散型資料(通常)分組/分類是/否,合格/不合格不能計算離散型資料分級很少用很難加以計算連續型資料最常見的尺規計算時要很小心連續型資料比例關係可應用演算法的多數公式分類標簽第一、第二、第三相對高度字母順序123 0g g1 =0g g1 0g g2 =0g g2 Basic Statistics Display Descriptive StatisticsGraphs Graphical SummaryA2描述性統計圖形分析總結圖形分析總結變數:神秘中值的95%信賴區間的95%信賴區間Anderson-Darling常態測試P均的
3、95%信賴區間s的95%信賴區間中值的95%信賴區間31資料收集時的重點資料收集時的重點Howthedataarecollectedaffectsthestatisticalappropriatenessandanalysisofadataset(資料如何收集可影響統計的適切性).Conclusionsfromproperlycollecteddatacanbeappliedmoregenerallytotheprocessandoutput.Inappropriately collected data CANNOT be used to draw valid conclusions abou
4、t a process.Someaspectsofproperdatacollectionthatmustbeaccountedforare:Themanufacturing environment(製程環境製程環境)fromwhichthedataarecollected.Whenproductsaremanufacturedinbatchesorlots,thedatamustbecollectedfromseveralbatchesorlots.Randomization(隨機隨機).Whenthedatacollectionisnotrandomized,statisticalanal
5、ysismayleadtofaultyconclusions.32Continuous Manufacturing(連續)occurswhenanoperationisperformedononeunitofproductatatime.Anassemblylineistypicalofacontinuousmanufacturingenvironment,whereeachunitofproductisworkedonindividuallyandacontinuousstreamoffinishedproductsrollofftheline.Theautomotiveindustryis
6、oneexampleofContinuousManufacturing.Otherexamplesofcontinuouslymanufacturedproductare:televisionsets,fastfoodhamburgers,computers.Lot/Batch Manufacturing(批次)occursoccurswhenoperationsareperformedonproductsinbatches,groups,orlots.Thefinalproductcomesoffthelineinlots,insteadofastreamofindividualparts.
7、Productwithinthesamelotareprocessedtogether,andreceivethesametreatmentwhilein-process.Lot/BatchManufacturingistypicalofthesemiconductorindustryandmanyofitssuppliers.Otherexamplesoflot/batchmanufacturedproductinclude:chemicals,semiconductorpackages,cookies.Manufacturing Environment製造環境製造環境33InContinu
8、ousManufacturingthemostimportantvariationisbetweenpartsInLot/BatchManufacturing,thevariationcanoccurbetweenthepartsinalotandbetweenthelots:Productwithinthesamelotismanufacturedtogether.Productfromdifferentlotsaremanufacturedseparately.Becauseofthis,eachlothasadifferentdistribution.Thisisimportantbec
9、auseContinuousManufacturingisabasicassumptionformanyofthestandardstatisticalmethodsfoundinmosttextbooksorQChandbooks.These methods are not appropriate for Lot/Batch Manufacturing.Different statistical methods need to be used to take into account the several sources of variation in Lot/Batch Manufact
10、uring.要注意要注意:連續和批量生產所用的統計方法有些不同連續和批量生產所用的統計方法有些不同34With Lot/Batch Manufacturing,each lot has a different mean.Due to random processing fluctuations,these lots will vary even though the process may be stable.This results in several“levels”of distributions,each level with its own variance and mean:A d
11、istribution of units of product within the same lot.A distribution of the means of different lots.The total distribution of all units of product across all lots.LotX12345*Distribution ofIndividual LotDistribution ofLot MeansOverall Distributionof Combined LotsVariation WithinEach LotVariation Betwee
12、n LotsTotal Variation35ThedifferentvariancesofaLot/BatchManufacturingprocessformahierarchycallednesting.Datacollectedfromsuchprocessesusuallyhavewhatiscalledanesteddatastructure.1121 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5LOTS班班2121 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5Eachofthelevelsinthenestedstructurecorrespondstoasinglevariance.Withaneste
13、ddatasetfromthisprocess,weneedtotakeeachsourceofvariationintoaccountwhencollectingdatatoensurethetotalprocessvariationisrepresentedinourdataset:生產線362222222X12X2212121,;X;X;XXXX+=+=總總總6原則變異數可相加,標準差則不能相加輸入變數變異數相加計算輸出中的總變異數所以那麽引起的變異數輸入變數引起的變異數輸入變數過程輸出的變異數如果37123456Lots sWithin is smalls sLot is largep
14、rocesshassmallwithin-lotvariationandlargelot-to-lotvariation(whichisverycommon),datavaluesfromthesamelotwillbehighlycorrelated,whiledatafromdifferentlotswillbeindependent:38品質統計圖表直方圖(Histograms)方框圖(Boxplots)柏拉圖(ParetoDiagrams)散佈圖(Scatterplots)趨勢圖(TrendCharts)39品質統計圖表-直方圖(Histograms)Histograms provid
15、eavisualdescriptionofthedistributionofasetofdata.Ahistogramshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithsummarystatisticssuchasands.Ahistogramcanbeusedto:Displaythedistributionofthedata(現示數據的分佈).Provideagraphicalindicationofthecenter,spread,andshapeofthedatadistribution(較定性地顯示數據的均值,散佈及形狀).Clarifyanynumericalsummary
16、statistics(whichsometimesobscureinformation).(顯示較模糊的統計結果).Lookforoutliers-datapointsthatdonotfitthedistributionoftherestofthedata.(顯示異常點)40 :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-加侖加侖/分鐘分鐘 點圖分佈 設想有一個泵流量爲50加侖/分鐘的計量泵。按照節拍對泵的實際流量進行了100次獨立測量。畫出各個點,每點代表一個給定值的輸出“事件”。當點聚集起來時,泵的實際性
17、能狀況可以看作泵流量的“分佈”。4151.350.850.349.849.348.84030201 00直方圖分佈還是這些資料,現在設想將其分組後歸入“區間”。泵流量點落入指定區間的次數決定區間條的高度。頻率加侖/分鐘42品質統計圖表-直方圖(Histograms)150.7149.7154.5149.6155.3149.0160.5149.0155.3149.3149.2153.5145.5161.0151.5154.3150.9152.4150.5152.3144.5151.6151.1151.0147.5150.6147.4150.8148.3146.8148.7147.6153.013
18、9.0153.4146.5151.4143.5149.4150.4153.1150.7149.1150.6149.6152.5145.2150.5146.4151.3151.7145.6147.1152.6147.0148.5155.0148.4151.3148.8146.7152.7155.3146.6144.8150.9149.5151.4147.3154.9151.2148.6142.5151.6151.0152.9146.9145.3150.8150.3153.6154.6150.6148.6155.1145.4148.5157.0148.9145.0147.7151.1149.715
19、4.4149.1151.5153.3149.5152.8150.843品質統計圖表-直方圖(Histograms)Multi-ModalShape(雙峰雙峰):Skewed Shape(偏一邊偏一邊):Datacanberight-skewedorleft-skewed.Thisdataisright-skewedtherighttailislongerthanthelefttail.Outliers:特異點特異點44練習45品質統計圖表-方框圖(Boxplots)Boxplotsareagraphicaltoolvaluableforcomparingthedistributionsoftw
20、oormoregroups(e.g.,differentlots,shifts,operators,etc.).Eachdistributiononthischartconsistsofthefollowing:A“box”representingthemiddle50%ofthedatavalues.Thelengthofthe“box”iscalledthe“InterquartileRange”(IQR).Insidethe“box”isalinerepresentingthemedian(50thpercentile)ofthedata.Two“tails”whichextendout
21、totheminimumandmaximumdatavalues(assumingtherearenooutliersinthedata).Ifthedistancebetweentheadatapointandthenearerquartileisgreaterthan1.5xIQR,thedatapointislabeledasanoutlier,andthe“tail”onthatsideoftheboxplotisshortenedtotheoutermostdatavaluewithin1.5xIQRfromthequartile.46品質統計圖表-方框圖(Boxplots)Medi
22、anMaximumData Value75thPercentile25thPercentileOutermostdata valuesof the 75th and25th Percentiles.OutlierNO OUTLIERSIQROUTLIERSMinimumData ValueOutlier47品質統計圖表-方框圖(Boxplots)EXAMPLE:CreatingaBoxplotThefigurebelowisaboxplotofthe100platingthicknessmeasurements.Thehistogramforthesamedatasetisdisplayedf
23、orcomparison.48品質統計圖表-方框圖(Boxplots)Lot1Lot2Lot3Lot4Lot5Lot6Lot7149.18144.78146.77167.85144.51134.96152.41151.31147.18150.66164.17144.41134.7146.76150.8145.66145.11168.23146.68135.02148.19149.06147.09145.09162.88145.4134.63143.75151.73145.86145.98163.1143.3134.87153.71148.15144.64146.77166.91146.8713
24、5.34145.13152.55143.67149.9165.78148.61134.6148.54Platingthicknessmeasurementscollectedfrom7lotsofproduct.49品質統計圖表-方框圖(Boxplots)Multi-ModalShape:SkewedShape:Outliers:50練習51品質統計圖表-柏拉圖(ParetoDiagrams)Whilehistogramsareusedtodisplaythedistributionofasetofcontinuous(measured)data,Pareto diagramsareusedt
25、odisplaythedistributionofdiscrete(counted)data,suchasdifferenttypesofdefects.Paretodiagramscanalsobeusedwithcontinuous(measured)data,particularlyindisplayingvariancecomponentsanalysisresults,aswewillseelaterinthiscourse.Paretodiagramsareausefultoolfordeterminingwhichproblemsortypesofproblemsaremosts
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