(完整word版)最新人教版初中物理知识点总结归纳(特详细)(2).pdf
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1、初中物理知识点第一章 声现象知识归纳1.声音的发生:由物体的振动而产生。振动停止,发声也停止。2声音的传播:声音靠介质传播。真空不能传声。通常我们听到的声音是靠空气传来的。3声速:在空气中传播速度是:340 米/秒。声音在固体传播比液体快,而在液体传播又比空气体快。4利用回声可测距离:S=1/2vt 5乐音的三个特征:音调、响度、音色。(1)音调:是指声音的高低,它与发声体的频率有关系。(2)响度:是指声音的大小,跟发声体的振幅、声源与听者的距离有关系。6减弱噪声的途径:(1)在声源处减弱;(2)在传播过程中减弱;(3)在人耳处减弱。7 可听声:频率在 20Hz20000Hz 之间的声波:超声
2、波:频率高于 20000Hz的声波;次声波:频率低于20Hz 的声波。8 超声波特点:方向性好、穿透能力强、声能较集中。具体应用有:声呐、B 超、超声波速度测定器、超声波清洗器、超声波焊接器等。9次声波的特点:可以传播很远,很容易绕过障碍物,而且无孔不入。一定强度的次声波对人体会造成危害,甚至毁坏机械建筑等。它主要产生于自然界中的火山爆发、海啸地震等,另外人类制造的火箭发射、飞机飞行、火车汽车的奔驰、核爆炸等也能产生次声波。第二章 光现象知识归纳1.光源:自身能够发光的物体叫光源。2.太阳光是由红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫组成的。3光的三原色是:红、绿、蓝;颜料的三原色是:红、黄、蓝。4不可见光
3、包括有:红外线和紫外线。特点:红外线 能使被照射的物体发热,具有热效应(如太阳的热就是以红外线传送到地球上的);紫外线 最显著的性质是能使荧光物质发光,另外还可以灭菌。1.光的直线传播:光在均匀介质中是沿直线传播。2光在真空中传播速度最大,是 3108米/秒,而在空气中传播速度也认为是 3108米/秒。3 我们能看到不发光的物体是因为这些物体反射的光射入了我们的眼睛。4光的反射定律:反射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上,反射光线与入射光线分居法线两侧,反射角等于入射角。(注:光路是可逆的)5漫反射和镜面反射一样遵循光的反射定律。6平面镜成像特点:(1)平面镜成的是虚像;(2)像与物体大小相等;
4、(3)像与物体到镜面的距离相等;(4)像与物体的连线与镜面垂直。另外,平面镜里成的像与物体左右倒置。7平面镜应用:(1)成像;(2)改变光路。8平面镜在生活中使用不当会造成光污染。球面镜包括凸面镜(凸镜)和凹面镜(凹镜),它们都能成像。具体应用有:车辆的后视镜、商场中的反光镜是凸面镜;手电筒的反光罩、太阳灶、医术戴在眼睛上的反光镜是凹面镜。光的折射:光从一种介质斜射入另一种介质时,传播方向一般发生变化的现象。光的折射规律:光从空气斜射入水或其他介质,折射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上;折射光线和入射光线分居法线两侧,折射角小于入射角;入射角增大时,折射角也随着增大;当光线垂直射向介质表面时,
5、传播方向不改变。(折射光路也是可逆的)第三章 透镜知识归纳1、凸透镜:中间厚边缘薄的透镜,它对光线有会聚作用,所以也叫会聚透镜。2、凸透镜成像的应用:照相机:原理;成倒立、缩小的实像,u2f 幻灯机:原理、成倒立、放大的实像,fu2f 放大镜:原理、成放大、正立的虚像,u2f f v 2f像、物异侧缩小倒立实像照像机u=2fv=2f像、物异侧等大倒立实像测焦距fu2f像、物异侧放大倒立实像幻灯机、投影仪5、凸透镜成像的作图:(1)物体在二倍焦距以外(u2f),成倒立、缩小的实像(像距:fv2f),如照相机;(2)物体在焦距和二倍焦距之间(fu2f)。如幻灯机。文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
6、HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U
7、3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
8、HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U
9、3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
10、HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U
11、3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
12、HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2(3)物体在焦距之内(u U0时,则 P P0;灯很亮,易烧坏。文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:
13、CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A
14、8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:
15、CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A
16、8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:
17、CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A
18、8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2当 U U0时,则 P L2,平衡时F1F2。特点是省力,但费距离。(如剪铁剪刀,铡刀,起
19、子)(2)费力杠杆:L1F2。特点是费力,但省距离。(如钓鱼杠,理发剪刀等)(3)等臂杠杆:L1=L2,平衡时 F1=F2。特点是既不省力,也不费力。(如:天平)21定滑轮特点:不省力,但能改变动力的方向。(实 质是个等臂杠杆)22动滑轮特点:省一半力,但不能改变动力方向,要费距离.(实质是动力臂为阻力臂二倍的杠杆)23滑轮组:使用滑轮组时,滑轮组用几段绳子吊着物体,提起物体所用的力就是物重的几分之一。第十四章压强和浮力知识归纳1压力:垂直作用在物体表面上的力叫压力。2压强:物体单位面积上受到的压力叫压强。3压强公式:P=F/S,式中 p 单位是:帕斯卡,简称:帕,1 帕=1 牛/米2,压力
20、F 单位是:牛;受力面积S单位是:米2 4增大压强方法:(1)S 不变,F;(2)F 不变,S(3)同时把 F,S。而减小压强方法则相反。5液体压强产生的原因:是由于液体受到重力。6 液体压强特点:(1)液体对容器底和壁都有压强,(2)液体内部向各个方向都有压强;(3)液体的压强随深度增加而增大,在同一深度,液体向各个方向的压强相等;(4)不同液体的压强还跟密度有关系。7*液体压强计算公式:,(是液体密度,单位是千克/米 3;g=9.8 牛/千克;h 是深度,指液体自由液面到液体内部某点的竖直距离,单位是米。)8根据液体压强公式:可得,液体的压强与液体的密度和深度有关,而与液体的体积和质量无关
21、。9 证明大气压强存在的实验是马德堡半球实验。10大气压强产生的原因:空气受到重力作用而产生的,大气压强随高度的增大而减小。11测定大气压强值的实验是:托里拆利实验。12测定大气压的仪器是:气压计,常见气压计有水银气压计和无液气压计(金属盒气压计)。13 标准大气压:把等于760 毫米水银柱的大气压。1 标准大气压=760毫米汞柱=1.013105帕=10.34米水柱。14沸点与气压关系:一切液体的沸点,都是气压减小时降低,气压增大时升高。15.流体压强大小与流速关系:在流体中流速越大地方,压强越小;流速越小的地方,压强越大。16浮力:一切浸入液体的物体,都受到液体对它竖直向上的力,这个力叫浮
22、力。浮力方向总是竖直向上的。(物体在空气中也受到浮力)17物体沉浮条件:(开始是浸没在液体中)方法一:(比浮力与物体重力大小)(1)F 浮 G,上浮(3)F 浮=G,悬文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
23、 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3
24、U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
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