(完整word版)(整理)免疫学基础.pdf

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1、-免疫学基础第一章：免疫学基础绪论医学免疫学是研究人体免疫系统的组织结构及其生理功能的一门基础学科。第一节免疫的基本概念和功能定义：免疫是机体识别和排除抗原性异物以维持机体内环境生理平衡的保护性生理反应过程，但在一定条件下可导致免疫性病理损伤，引起超敏反应和自身免疫病。功能：1，免疫防御正常情况下防止病原微生物感染异常情况下引起超敏反应或免疫缺陷2，免疫自稳正常情况下清楚损伤或衰老细胞异常情况下自身免疫性疾病3，免疫监视正常情况下清除突变或复制错误的细胞异常情况下细胞癌变或维持感染4，免疫记忆第四节免疫组织与器官免疫器官主要分为中枢免疫器官和外周免疫器官两大类。一，中枢免疫器官定义：中枢免疫器

2、官是免疫细胞产生、发育、分化和成熟的场所。中枢免疫器官包括骨髓（禽类喂腔上囊）、胸腺。（一）骨髓是人和其他哺乳动物的造血器官，也是各种免疫细胞的精品资料-欢迎下载-欢迎下载 名师归纳-第 1 页，共 13 页 -发源地。骨髓虽非淋巴细胞，但含有具强大分化潜力的多功能造血干细胞，它们可在某些因素作用写分化为形态和功能不同的髓样干细胞和淋巴干细胞。前者进一步发育为红细胞系，粒细胞系，单核巨噬细胞系和巨核细胞系等;后者发育成淋巴细胞系。哺乳动物和人的骨髓是 B 淋巴细胞的成熟场所。另外，骨髓中的多功能造血干细胞分化为淋巴干细胞，可随血流迁移胸腺，发育为成熟的T 淋巴细胞。1，骨髓微环境骨髓微环境是指

3、造血器官是指细胞周边的之间细胞和组织。包括微血管系统、末梢神经、网状细胞、基质细胞以及它们分泌的细胞因子，如IL-3、干细胞因子和GM-CSF 等。2，骨髓的功能（1）B淋巴细胞分化发育的场所：在胚胎期，B淋巴细胞分化部位是胚肝；出生后至成年期，B细胞仅在骨髓内发育成熟。发育阶段经历了祖B细胞、前 B 细胞、未成熟 B细胞和成熟 B细胞或称未致敏 B细胞等几个阶段。（B细胞分化成熟过程中需经历阴性选择和阳性选择，才能发育为成熟 B细胞）。（2）再次免疫应答产生抗体的场所：当抗原再次进入机体后，体内具有免疫记忆性B 细胞经淋巴液或血循环迁移至骨髓，分化增值为浆细胞，并缓慢，持久地大量产生抗体，是

4、血清抗体的来源之一。（二）胸腺精品资料-欢迎下载-欢迎下载 名师归纳-第 2 页，共 13 页 -文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R

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6、CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5

7、Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M

8、4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P

9、4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J

10、4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4-1，胸腺青春期后胸腺开始缓慢退化，老年期胸腺组织大部分被脂肪所取代，

11、但仍保留一定功能。胸腺岁年龄增长而萎缩的现象车恩威生理性胸腺萎缩，造成免疫力下降，故容易发生感染和罹患癌症。2，胸腺的微环境胸腺是有胸腺基质细胞如胸腺上皮细胞、吞噬细胞及树突状细胞等与胸腺细胞（正在发育的 T 淋巴细胞）组成。胸腺是 T 淋巴细胞分化成熟的场所。3，胸腺的功能（1）T 淋巴细胞分化发育的场所：胸腺可促使 T 细胞发育成熟，表达不同的分化抗原，经过胸腺选择后获得MNC 的限制性。（2）建立免疫耐受的场所：胸腺内的血管为网状细胞包围，构成胸腺屏障，是从血液来的抗原物质难于胸腺组织接触，可以避免引起炎症，组织增生，胸腺瘤等病症。二，外周免疫器官外周免疫器官是成熟淋巴细胞定居的场所，也

12、是T 细胞、B细胞对外来抗原产生免疫应答的部位。外周免疫器官包括淋巴结、脾脏、扁桃体和粘膜淋巴组织。（一）淋巴结1，淋巴结在体内的分布主要分布在全身淋巴通道上，包括皮下、颈部、腋窝、腹股沟、肺门及肠系膜等处。2，淋巴结的功能（1）T 淋巴细胞、B 淋巴细胞居留地与接触抗原的场所：T 细胞、B精品资料-欢迎下载-欢迎下载 名师归纳-第 3 页，共 13 页 -文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9

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15、O10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z

16、10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4

17、 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4

18、X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4

19、 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4-细胞在淋巴结肿接受抗原刺激，淋巴细胞增值分化，产生免疫效应。（2）过滤作用：当抗原等异物进入淋巴结时，可被淋巴结内的巨噬细胞和抗体清除。（3）参与淋巴细胞的再循环：淋巴细胞能在体内各淋巴组织合理分布，增加淋巴细胞与抗原接触的机会，有利于发挥免疫应答的作用，对维护集体免疫起到作用。（二）脾脏1，脾脏的结构脾脏是体内最大的淋巴器官。2，脾脏的功能（1），滤血功能：红髓忠的巨噬细胞可能清楚混入血液循环中的有害

20、物质以及发生突变和衰老死亡的自身细胞。（2），各种免疫细胞居住的场所：脾脏与淋巴结的相同点都是各类免疫细胞居住的场所。脾脏与淋巴结产生免疫应答的差别在于脾脏是对血源性抗原产生应答的场所，而淋巴结还可对淋巴液忠的抗原产生应答。(3)合成免疫活性物质的场所：脾脏还能合成抗体干扰素补体和细胞因子等免疫活性物质。（三）粘膜相关淋巴组织（MALT）机体 50%以上的淋巴组织位于粘膜，它们在免疫防御忠发挥重要的作用。1，粘膜淋巴滤泡如肠相关淋巴组织和支气管相关淋巴组织。精品资料-欢迎下载-欢迎下载 名师归纳-第 4 页，共 13 页 -文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y

21、9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R

22、4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:

23、CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5

24、Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M

25、4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P

26、4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J

27、4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4-2，弥散淋巴组织上皮内淋巴细胞固有淋巴细胞固有层的其他免疫细胞或免疫相关细胞。3，MALT 的功能特点（1）MALT 参与粘膜局部免疫应答：机体呼吸道，消化道，泌尿生殖道黏膜免疫系统实质性局部特异性免疫应答的主要场所，在黏膜局部抗感染免

28、疫过程中发挥重要作用。（2）产生分泌型 IgA:黏膜免疫系统中的B 细胞分化产生 sIgA，经过黏膜上皮细胞分泌至黏膜表面，发挥抗菌抗病毒作用，成为黏膜局部抵御病原微生物的主要机制。第二章抗原抗原是指能与 TCR/BCR 结合，启动免疫应答，并能与相应免疫应答产物（抗体或效应细胞）在体内外特异性结合的物质，亦称免疫原。抗原的前一种性能成为免疫抗原，即能刺激特异性免疫细胞，使之活化、增生、分化，最终产生免疫效应物质。后一种性能称为免疫反应性，即与抗体或效应细胞发生特异性结合的特性。同时具有免疫原性和免疫反应性的物质称为完全抗原，如细菌、细菌外毒素等。只有免疫反应而无免疫原性的物质称为半抗原，如某

29、些小分子药物。使半抗原称为完全抗原的物质称载体，如大分子的蛋白质。第一节抗原性质一，异物性异物性是抗原物质的首要性质，指其化学结构上与宿主的自身成精品资料-欢迎下载-欢迎下载 名师归纳-第 5 页，共 13 页 -文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X

30、1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4

31、ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J

32、2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文

33、档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO

34、10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z1

35、0C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4

36、HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4-分相异或集体的免疫细胞从未与它接触过，如各种微生物及其代谢产物，动物血清等。二，特异性特异性即针对性，专一性。抗原特异性指抗原能与相应TCR/BCR结合，诱导特异性免疫应答，并能与相应抗体或效应T 细胞发生特异性结合的特性。特异性是免疫应答重要的热点，也是免疫学诊断和繁殖的理论依据。决定抗原特异性的物质基础是抗原决定簇。（一）抗原决定簇1，概念抗原决定簇（antigenic determinant,AD）指抗原分子中决定抗原特异性的特殊化学基团，又称表位。2，类型根据抗原决定簇的结构或识别特点等肯将其分为：1)构象决定簇与顺序决定簇：2)功能性决

37、定簇与隐蔽性决定簇:位于抗原分子便面，易被相应BCR 或抗体结合，可直接启动免疫应答的决定簇，称为功能性决定簇。存在于抗原分子内部，无触发免疫应答功能的决定簇，称隐蔽性决定簇。它可因理化等因素影响而暴漏在分子表面成为功能性决定簇。3)T 细胞决定簇和 B 细胞决定簇。（二）抗原-抗体反应的特异性抗原-抗体反应具有高度的特异性。这种特异性不仅取决于抗原决定簇的化学组成，而且与抗原决定簇的空间排列和立体结构密切相关。精品资料-欢迎下载-欢迎下载 名师归纳-第 6 页，共 13 页 -文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4

38、M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4

39、P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6

40、J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3

41、Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6

42、R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码

43、:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S

44、5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4-3.交叉反应某抗原不仅可与其诱生的抗体或致敏淋巴细胞反应，还可与其他抗原诱生的抗体或致敏淋巴细胞反应，称交叉反应。第二节影响免疫应答的因素一，抗原分子的理化性质抗原物质的化学组成和结构可决定其免疫原性。第三节抗原的种类一，根据抗原的来源与机体的亲缘关系分类（一）异种抗原来自另一物种

45、的抗原性物质称为异种抗原。病源生物及其代谢产物如细菌外毒素，各种动物免疫血清对人而言为异种抗原。（二）同种异型抗原同种异型抗原指来自同种而基因不同的个体的抗原性物质。如人类红细胞血型抗原和人类白细胞抗原（HLA）。（三）自身抗原某些自身物质（如眼晶状体，精子）在正常情况下与免疫系统隔绝，一旦因外伤或手术使其进入血液，与免疫系统接触，则引起自身免疫应答。引起自身免疫应答的自身组织成分称自身抗原。（四）异嗜性抗原异嗜性抗原是存在于不同种属动物，植物和微生物之间的共同抗原。三，根据 B 细胞产生抗体时是否需Th 细胞辅助分类精品资料-欢迎下载-欢迎下载 名师归纳-第 7 页，共 13 页 -文档编码

46、:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S

47、5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4

48、M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4

49、P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6

50、J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3Y9J2T6R4文档编码:CO10S5Z10C4M4 HL4P4X1E6J4 ZG3