初中英语语法大全[知识点总结可打印].pdf
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1、英语语法大全英语语法大全初 中 英 语 语 法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法:1 1、词类:英语词类分十种:、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词名词(n n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orangeorange.2、代词代词(pron.pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it.who,she,you,it.3、形容词形容词(adj.adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,r
2、ight,white,orangegood,right,white,orange.4、数词数词(numnum.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词动词(v.v.):表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see.am,is,are,have,see.6、副词副词(adv.adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,very,now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.
3、here,often,quietly,slowly.7、冠词冠词(art.art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.a,an,the.8、介词介词(prep.prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如 in,on,from,above,in,on,from,above,behind.behind.9、连词连词(conj.conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before.and,but,before.10、感叹词感叹词(interj.interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.oh,well,hi,hel
4、lo.2 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I Im Miss Green.m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleansJack cleansthe room every day.the room every day.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代
5、词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping.My name is Ping ping.(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter.He wrote me a letter.(他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词 to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语
6、后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me.He wrote a letter to me.(他给我写了一封信)5、定语、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghai is a big city.Shanghai is a big city.(上海是个大城市)6、状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard.He works hard.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usuallyThey usuallykeepkeep the
7、irtheir classroomclassroom clean.clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/HeHe oftenoften helpshelps meme dodo mymylessons.lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/TheThe teacherteacher wantedwanted meme to to learnlearn FrenchFrench allall bybymyselfmyself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:WhereWhere is is youryour classmateclassmate
8、Tom?Tom?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)3 3、构词法:、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法:如:spaceship,headache,basketball,playgroundspaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。2、派生法:(1)派生名词:动词+er/orer/or 动词+inging 动词+(t)ion(t)ion 形容词+nessness 其他,如:inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledgeinventor,le
9、arner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge(2)派生形容词:名词+y y 名词+fulful 动词+ing/eding/ed friendlyfriendly dangerousdangerous ChineseChinese;JapaneseJapanese EnglishEnglish FrenchFrench GermanGerman 国名+(i)an(i)an 如:snowy,sunny,snowy,sunny,hopeful,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,d
10、ailybeautiful,interesting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious,nervous,delicious(3)派生副词:形容词+ly 其它,如:slowly,angrily,fullslowly,angrily,fullfully,goodfully,goodwell,possiblewell,possiblepossiblypossibly 等等。3、转换法:(1)形容词动词,如:drydry(干燥的)drydry(弄干),cleanclean(干净的)cleanclean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词名词,如:look,walk
11、,rest,work,study,swim,go,talklook,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。(3)名词动词,如:handhand(手)(传递),faceface(脸)(面对)等等。(4)形容词副词,如:earlyearlyearly,fastearly,fastfastfast 等等。(5)副词连词,如:whenwhen(什么时候)(当时候),等等。(6)介词副词,如:inin(到里)(在里面;在家),onon(在上)(进行,继续),等等。二、名词:1 1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:1 1、专有
12、名词、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如:Beijing,Beijing,Tom,the Peoples Republic of ChinaTom,the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词 thethe。如:thethe GreatGreat WallWall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greensthe Greens(格林一家人)。2、普通名词普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil,family,
13、man,foot.pupil,family,man,foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如:box,child,orangebox,child,orange;不可数名词不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water,news,oil,population,water,news,oil,population,information.information.2 2、英语可数名词的单复数:、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:在单数名词词尾加 s s。如:mapmapma
14、ps,boymaps,boyboys,horseboys,horsehorses,tablehorses,tabletables.tables.s,o,x,sh,chs,o,x,sh,ch 结尾的词加 eses.如:classclassclasses,boxclasses,boxboxes,heroboxes,heroheroes,dishheroes,dishdishes,dishes,benchbenchbenches.benches.注注:少数以 o o 结尾的词,变复数时只加 s s。如:photophotophotos,pianophotos,pianopianos.pianos.以
15、辅音字母加 y y 结尾的名词,变 y y 为 i i,再加 es。如:familyfamilyfamilies,cityfamilies,citycities,partycities,partyparties.parties.以 f f 或 fe fe 结尾的名词,变 f f 或 fe fe 为 v v,再加 eses。如:shelfshelfshelves,shelves,wolfwolfwolves,wolves,lifelifelives,knifelives,knifeknives.knives.2、不规则变化:manmanmen,womanmen,womanwomen,sheepw
16、omen,sheepsheep,toothsheep,toothteeth,fishteeth,fishfish,childfish,childchildren,oxchildren,oxoxen,gooseoxen,goosegeesegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of ricea bag of ricetwotwobagsbags ofof rice,rice,a a piecepiece ofof paperpaperthreethree piecespieces ofof paper,paper,a a bottlebottle
17、ofof milkmilkfivefive bottlesbottles ofofmilk.milk.3 3、名词所有格:、名词所有格:1、名词所有格名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加 s。如:ChildernsChilderns DayDay(儿童节),mymysisters booksisters book(我姐姐的书)(2)以 s s 或 eses 结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如:Teachers DTeachers Dayay(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,
18、也可在词尾加s s.如:todaystodays newspaper newspaper(今天的报纸),ten minutesten minutes break break(十分钟的课间休息),ChinasChinas population population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词 ofof 短语来表示所有关系。如:a fine daughter of the Partya fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、注解注解:s s 还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my auntsmy aunts(我阿姨家
19、),the doctorsthe doctors(诊所)两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and BsA and Bs 的形式,如:Lucy and LilysLucy and Lilys bedroom bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)“of+of+名词所有格名词所有格/名词性物主代词”名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格称为双重所有格,如:如:a friend of mya friend of my fathersfathers(我父亲的一位朋友),a friend of minea friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4 4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:、名词或
20、代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)TheThewater in the glass is very cold.water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如 family,class,team,group,row,police,schoolfamily,class,team
21、,group,row,police,school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:ClassClass ThreeThree havehave a a mapmap ofofChinaChina.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese,Chinese,Japanese,Japanese,fish,fish,sheep,sheep,peoplepeople 等表示单个时谓语用单数,
22、表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)/There are some sheep in the/There are some sheep in theyard.yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths,newsmaths,news 等虽然有 s s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting.The news is very exciting.(这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,g
23、lovesglasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:The trousersThe trousersareareveryverycheap and I want to take them.cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot ofa lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot ofA lot ofstudentsstudentsareare playingplayingbaseballbaseball now.now.(现
24、在有许多学生在打垒球)A A lotlot ofof timetime waswaswasted on that work.wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、andand 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples nowThe teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/Fish and chipsFish and chipsis isver
25、y famous foodvery famous food.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、there bethere be 句型中bebe的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairsThere is a table and four chairsin the roomin the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用 bothandbothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:BothBoth youyou andand I Iarearerequired to be here tomorrowrequired to
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