2018年高考题和高考模拟题数学(文)分项版汇编:专题04数列与不等式文(含解析).pdf
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1、2018 年高考题和高考模拟题数学(文)分项版汇编4数列与不等式1【2018 年浙江卷】已知成等比数列,且若,则A.B.C.D.【答案】B 点睛:构造函数对不等式进行放缩,进而限制参数取值范围,是一个有效方法.如2【2018 年文北京卷】“十二平均律”是通用的音律体系,明代朱载堉最早用数学方法计算出半音比例,为这个理论的发展做出了重要贡献.十二平均律将一个纯八度音程分成十二份,依次得到十三个单音,从第二个单音起,每一个单音的频率与它的前一个单音的频率的比都等于.若第一个单音的频率f,则第八个单音频率为A.B.C.D.【答案】D【解析】分析:根据等比数列的定义可知每一个单音的频率成等比数列,利用
2、等比数列的相关性质可解.详解:因为每一个单音与前一个单音频率比为,所以,又,则,故选 D.点睛:此题考查等比数列的实际应用,解决本题的关键是能够判断单音成等比数列.等比数列的判断方法主要有如第 1 页,共 20 页下两种:(1)定义法,若()或(),数列是等比数列;(2)等比中项公式法,若数列中,且(),则数列是等比数列.3【2018 年浙江卷】已知集合,将的所有元素从小到大依次排列构成一个数列记为数列的前n项和,则使得成立的n的最小值为 _【答案】27,所以只需研究是否有满足条件的解,此时,为等差数列项数,且.由得满足条件的最小值为.点睛:本题采用分组转化法求和,将原数列转化为一个等差数列与
3、一个等比数列的和.分组转化法求和的常见类型主要有分段型(如),符号型(如),周期型(如).4【2018 年浙江卷】已知等比数列an 的公比q1,且a3+a4+a5=28,a4+2 是a3,a5的等差中项数列bn满足b1=1,数列 (bn+1-bn)an的前n项和为 2n2+n()求q的值;()求数列bn 的通项公式【答案】()()()设第 2 页,共 20 页文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R
4、1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q
5、2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:
6、CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3
7、R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7
8、 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5
9、A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8
10、 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2文档编码:CJ10B3R3T3W7 HX9W5A5Y5O8 ZI10R1S2I4Q2,数列前n项和为.由解得.由()可知,所以,故,.设,所以,因此,又,所以.点睛:用错位相减法求和应注意的问题:(1)要善于识别题目类型,特别是等比数列公比为负数的情形;(2)在写出“”与“”的表达式时应特别注意将两式“错项对齐”以便下一步准确写出“”的表达式;(3)在应用错位相减法求和时,若等比数列的公比为参数,应分公比等于1 和不等于1 两种情况求解.5【2018 年天津卷文】设an 是等差数列,其
11、前n项和为Sn(nN*);bn是等比数列,公比大于0,其前n项和为Tn(nN*)已知b1=1,b3=b2+2,b4=a3+a5,b5=a4+2a6()求Sn和Tn;()若Sn+(T1+T2+Tn)=an+4bn,求正整数n的值【答案】(),;()4.详解:(I)设等比数列的公比为q,由b1=1,b3=b2+2,可得因为,可得,故所以,设等差数列的公差为 由,可得 由,可得从而,故,所以,(II)由(I),有由可得,整理得解得(舍),第 3 页,共 20 页文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10
12、 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文
13、档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8
14、A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B
15、10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R
16、3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7
17、M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G
18、9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3或所以n的值为 4点睛:本小题主要考查等差数列、等比数列的通项公式及前n项和公式等基础知识.考查数列求和的基本方法和运算求解能力.6【2018 年文北京卷】设是等差数列,且.()求的通项公式;()求.【答案】(I)(II)【解析】分析:(1)设公差为,根据题意可列关于的方程组,求解,代入通项公式可得;(2)由(1)可得,进而可利用等比数列求和公式进行求解.详解:(I)设等差数列的公差为,又,.(II)
19、由(I)知,是以 2 为首项,2 为公比的等比数列.点睛:等差数列的通项公式及前项和共涉及五个基本量,知道其中三个可求另外两个,体现了用方程组解决问题的思想.7【2018 年江苏卷】设,对 1,2,n的一个排列,如果当s0时,所以单调递减,从而f(0)=1当时,因此,当时,数列单调递减,故数列的最小值为因此,d的取值范围为点睛:对于求不等式成立时的参数范围问题,一般有三个方法,一是分离参数法,使不等式一端是含有参数的式子,另一端是一个区间上具体的函数,通过对具体函数的研究确定含参式子满足的条件.二是讨论分析法,根据参数取值情况分类讨论,三是数形结合法,将不等式转化为两个函数,通过两个函数图像确
20、定条件.9【2018 年新课标I 卷文】已知数列满足,设(1)求;第 6 页,共 20 页文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C
21、8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8
22、B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3
23、T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH
24、6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3
25、G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7K3T2A7R3文档编码:CH6C8C7M8A7 HK3G8B5G9B10 ZQ7
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