赖世雄教你学语法第一章笔记.docx

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1、第一章 句子的构成语法学习顺序：单句-连词-用连词将单句合在一起形成复合句、复杂句-将从句变成分词短语、不定式短语句子构造搞懂然后看文章，勤看文章，翻字典，用语法。单句的形成：主语动词英文里面没有主语，没有动词是不行的。第一节 主 语可以充当主语的词类，两大词类：名词、代词名词、代词、动名词、不定式短语、名词从句句子、问句变成名词、名词短语1、名词：The young man is handsome.The young gril is very beautiful.The table is good.2、代词She is my mother. They are beautiful. It is

2、 good.3、动名词动词做主语：中文可以用动词做主语，但是英文不可以，要把动词变成名词的形态后再做主语。把动词变成的名词叫做动名词。动名词：动词+ing定义：英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来，它仍一方面保存着动词的某些特征，具有动词的某些变化形式，用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念，另一方面动名词在句子的用法及功能及名词类同：在句子可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者用来支配宾语。动名词(做主语)：所表示的动作已经做过、有经历、已经事实。Studying English it is Interesting.Working with him is fine.4、不定式短语to

3、+动词原形 to+V原形to-虚词短语-就是两个以上的单词构成的字群。动名词短语：to go不定式短语：working whit him不定式短语做主语：所表示的动作通常还未做。未做的事情、目的、梦想、方案、理想用不定式to做主语。To buy something is one of plans. To see him is my purpose. To study abroad is my dream. 动名词短语做主语：所表示的动作已经做过、有经历、已经事实。Working with him is fine.5、主语太长时用虚的主语it代替，不定式短语to+v原形放在句尾；动名词V-ing

4、改成to不定式放句尾。To study abroad is my bream.To study abroad with him is my bream.To study abroad with a friend of mine by the name of John is my bream. It is my plan to study abroad with my very good friend of mine whose call John. Learning English with Peter is fine. It is fine to learn English with Pet

5、er.6、that名词从句中文可以用句子做主语，英文不可以，要把句子变成名词的形状。句子如何变成名词：句子变成从句，句子前面加that名词从句：句子要变成名词做主语，句子前面用that 名词从句：That +句子That he loves me is true.That she studies hard is true.That he doesnt agree with me makes me angry. 7、从句做主语句子长时用it虚代词代替，从句放句尾。That he doesnt agree with me makes me angry. It makes me angry that

6、he doesnt agree with me.8、三种名词从句问句做主语也是需要变成名词从句。总结名词从句做主语有三种：戴慧怡1that引导的名词从句做主语：that+句子That she studies hard is true.2whether引导的名词从句做主语：可以用yes或者no答复的一般疑问句，whether+句子，后面的句子主语和助词不能倒装Is she beautiful?Yes she is. No she isnt. Whether she is不能倒装beautiful remains to be seen.她是否美有待观察。Will he come?Yes he wi

7、ll. No he wont. Whether he will (不能倒装) come remains to be seen.3特殊疑问词引导的名词从句做主语：不能用yes、no答复的特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+句子，后面的句子主语和助词不能倒装Where will he go?Where is he going? Where he will go(不能倒装) is still a question. Where he will go(不能倒装) remains to be seen.What will he do？ What he will do is still a question.9、名词从

8、句做主语句子长时用it虚代词代替，从句放句尾。这三个主语用名词从句形成的都可以用it代替。That she studies hard is true. It is true that she studies hard.Whether she will come is not know yet. It is not know yet whether she will cone.What he will do is still a question. It is still a question what he will do.10、名词短语特殊疑问词形成的名词从句化简过来的，前面放疑问词，后面放

9、不定式短语。特殊疑问词+不定式短语名词短语都是名词从句变过来的。Where to goWhat to doWhen to comeWhom to seeHow to do itWhere we should go从句 where to goHow we should do从句 How to do it但是：why不能形成名词短语Why did he cry？ Why he cried从句is something we dont know. Why to cry名词短语Why可以形成名词从句，但是不能形成名词短语。11、介词短语表示距离、时间做主语From开头做主语From A to B 表示距

10、离From A till B 表示时间因为前面省略了The distanceFrom Beijing to Guangzhou is a long distance.The distance from Beijing to Guangzhou is a long distance.By studying hard is important.From 1990 till 2003 is a long period of time.第二节 动词的种类及其用法主语+动词动词分为五种：将来的五大句型完全及物动词不完全及物动词完全不及物动词不完全不及物动词授予动词定义：按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词

11、分成两种：及物动词及不与物动词。及物动词v一般后面可直接加宾语的动词，有被动形式；不及物动词vi.不可直接加宾语，是没有被动式的。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象即宾语。假设要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to，of，at前方可跟上宾语。区分及物不及物动词的方法：验证是否有被动形式写中文：我 他。他被我 。放动词进去，翻译中文是否意思通顺，主动、被动都可以翻译通顺的就是及物动词。准确度99%，1%的例外自然而然会克制。Hit：及物：I hit him. Him was hit.Run:跑步-不及物；跑-及物；经营-及物。I run five businesses.(vt.)完全及物动

12、词c. vt.动词加了宾语名词、代词之后，意思很完全。宾语：具有名词性功能的既可以做主语也可以做宾语。后面有其他词也是修饰语，例如：形容词、副词、状语、介词短语做状语I love her.我爱她。Her is loved by me.她被我爱。I hit him.我打他。Make：制造I make a chair.c.vt.(完全不及物动词c. vi.动词后面不加宾语，意思很完全。)Dance：I danced.He danced.(不完全及物动词i. vt.动词加了宾语，意思仍然不完全，宾语后面放补充语，补足它的意思缺乏的。)Make:使成为I make him happy. i.vt.(不

13、完全不及物动词i. vi.动词是不及物动词，意思不完全，动词后面放补充语或者补充语，补足动词意思的缺乏。)Become：变成i. vi.She became beautiful.1、完全不及物动词：只要是不及物动词只有两种,没有被动语态。主语+完全不及物动词主语+be+Vi-ing现在分词I danced.我跳舞了。He danced.他跳舞了。现在分词：进展时两种时态，Be+V-ing现在正在：I am dancing.我现在在跳舞。当时正在：I was dancing.我当时在跳舞。He was running.他当时跑了。He was danced.()2、不完全不及物动词：主语+不完全

14、不及物动词+补足语定义：补足语，就是用来补充说明宾语、或主语的句子成分。主语补足语可用名词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等。不完全不及物动词不能单独存在，后面要跟补足语。be、become、getHe became beautiful.He became a doctor.He became a good boy.She became beautiful.她变得美丽了。Bei.vi.是：+名词做补足语：It is book.不翻译：+形容词：She is beautiful.在：+表场所的状语、副词、介词短语：He is at the station.I am here.正在：+：He is

15、dancing.Get获得c. vt.变成i. vi.后面跟生气的字眼He got angrymed.He got handsome.()变成：become+任何形容词 get+表生气的形容词He got angry.他变得生气。被、受到后面跟过去分词做补语He got hurt in the car accident.在车祸中他被弄伤了。He got killed.他伤亡了。She got hurt.她受伤了。Turn转动c.vt.I turn the table.变成i.vi.+颜色His face turned pale. The leaves are turning yellow.树叶

16、正变成黄色。3、完全及物动词：只要看到及物动词只有两种形态，主动、被动。Dont hit me.不要打我。I made a chair.我制造了一把椅子。主动：主语+完全及物动词+宾语名词、代词进展时：主语+be+V-ing现在分词+宾语有be动词，有宾语被动：主语+be+Vt-ed过去分词+(无宾语)主动：I hit him. I love him.我爱他。进展时：I was hitting him.我当时正在打他。被动：I was hit. I was loved.注意：不是所有的动词进展时都可以用进展时。中文可以说“正在的，英文就可以用进展时。中文不可以说“正在的，英文就不可以用进展时。

17、Havec.vt.有，没有进展时。I had dinner at an hour ago.()一个小时前我吃晚饭了。翻译：吃=eatI have dinning.()I am having money.()I am loving him.()注意：瞬间动词没有进展时。语法家认为：瞬间动词的进展时，是将来时的表达法之一。写作时一定是主动式大于被动式。4、不完全及物动词：意思没有完全的的及物动词主语+不完全及物动词+宾语+V原形做宾语补足语主语+不完全及物动词+宾语+to不定式做宾语补足语I make him happy. 我使他快乐。分三类：1“叫叫某人做什么事情：make、have +sb d

18、o sth get +sb to do sth用不定式做宾语补足语I made him wash the car.I made him sing a song.I had him wash the car.I had him sing a song.bid吩咐过去时“bade现代英语这个字用的比拟少I bade him wash the car.I bade him to wash the car.Did you get the report.(得到c.vt.)I got him to sing a song.i.vt.I got him to wash the car. 2“让让某人做什么事

19、情：let+sb do st h， save，I let him sing a song.我让他唱首歌。翻译：vt.让I have a house to let.我有个房子要出租。翻译：vi.出租The traffic in this city never lets up, even at night.这座城市里的交通从不会停顿，即使是在晚上。let up翻译：停顿Savevt.vt. 节省；保存；储蓄；挽救save sb or sthvi. 节省；挽救；救球prep. 除.之外=expect3“强迫强迫某人做什么事情：force，pushcause，+sb to do sth用不定式做宾语补

20、足语Cause促使、迫使、强迫I will forcepush him to do it.我将会迫使他做那件事。That story cause me to cryThat story make me cry.5、授予动词dative verb：给予动词，后面有两个宾语。第一个宾语指人为间接宾语，第二个宾语指物为直接宾语授予动词属于及物动词的一种，此类动词需要接两个宾语。间接宾语：授予的对象 主语先接触的事物直接宾语：授予的物品 主语后接触的事物正常构造：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语I will give you this watch.Please lend me your book. Gi

21、ve：I give him a car. I bought him abook. 我买了一本书给他 I will give him something.我将会给他些东西。 I ask him a question. 我问了他一个问题。倒置构造：主语+ 谓语+直接宾语+介词 + 间接宾语1表“给予的概念时，需要用to做介词I gave the book to him.I sent the letter to him.I told the story to him.I teach English to them.I told him a story.I told a story to him.我给

22、他讲了一个故事。2表“代劳的概念时，需要用for做介词, “for(自己要花时间花劳务，有劳务性)I bought him a book for.I bought a book for him. (有劳务性)不能用to I made a chair for him. (有劳务性)不能用to 3表“从中得取，时用fromI have heard a lot from Jo很多。I heard nothing from him.4ask从问，demand从.要求.，require从.要求.，rob从.抢劫.，要及of并用Ask 有两种：I asked a question of him.(用of取

23、代form，这是理论上的用法)I asked him a question.(常态这么用) 他向我问了一个问题。Expect、require、demand以下只有一种：I expected much of him. (用of取代form)I expected nothing of him. (用of取代form)From now on I will expect nothing of him.从现在起我不对他有任何指望了。He requires nothing of me.他对我没有什么要求了。He demands a lot of me.Rob只有一种用法：rob sb of sth , (

24、例外：重点在sb，sth位置不一样)of相当于from的意思He robbed me of my money.他抢我的钱。I was robbed.我被抢了。My money was robbed. ()5“deprive剥夺公民权、ease减轻v.easy-adj.要及of并用The court deprived him of all his rights.法院剥夺了他的所有权利。The task is not easy.这个任务不容易。I feel uneasy.我感到不安。I feel at ease.我感到心安。ease-n.I will feel more at ease when

25、you put down your gun. 你放下手枪时我会比拟安心。He eased me of burden.他减轻了我的负担。(of脱离的意思)第三节 结 论一、五类动词演变为五类句型1)主语+完全不及物动词 “faint晕倒完全不及物动词 He fainted.他晕倒了。 He fainted when he heard the bad news.听到这个坏消息他晕倒了。 “ passed : “past away过世I passed when he heard the bad news.听到这个坏消息他晕倒了。“ faint 模糊的-adj. faintest最高级I dont k

26、now when he will come.我不知道他什么时候来。(know -c.vt.,+名词从句做宾语)I havent the faintest idea when he will come. 他什么时候来我连最模糊的概念都没有。She slept.她睡了。She leave. She left. 她离开了。2)主语+不完全不及物动词+补足语名词、形容词补足语这里是补充主语的缺乏，主语补足语。是：be动词是不完全不及物动词。Im a teacher.我是一个教师。 He is handsome.他很帅气。He is happy. He is energetic. “energetic精

27、力充分a。感官动词：look、taste、sound、smell、feel，不完全不及物动词。He looks happy.他看起来很快乐。3主语+完全及物动词+宾语名词、代词、V-ing、to不定式、名词从句具有名词功能的词类即可做主语也可以做宾语主语+be+完全及物动词V-ed过去分词表示被动“dump垃圾堆，甩，c.vt.His girlfriend just dump him. 表示plan方案、愿望、期望的完全及物动词用to不定式做宾语“ Want : +to do不定式表示期望，未作的动作。He want to do it. I want to see him.我想要见他。I pl

28、an to想要怎么区分做宾语的用名词从句：中文怎么说英文也怎么说I think that he is nice.我想他是一个好人。名词从句作宾语 “ Wonder ：+特殊疑问词引导的名词从句I wonder why she is crying. 我想知道她为什么哭。 wonder 后面不可以+that的从句，翻译：不知道I wonder that he is nice. 我想知道他是不是好人。()l wonder when he will come. ()“ Enjoy :+v-ingI enjoy dancing“ Like “：+v-ing ， +to doI like to dance

29、.我喜欢跳舞。I like dancing. Hate、Like 后可用动名词+doing或不定式+to doenjoy、 dislike后面只能用动名词+doingI dislike doing it.我不喜欢做它。 4)主语+不完全及物动词 +宾语+宾语补足语动词原形do、不定式to doHe made me happy.made sb do sth.I got him to sing a song.get sb to do sth.5)主语 +授予动词+间接宾语+直接宾语主语 +授予动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语l give him the book.l told him a lie.五大句型1)主语+完全不及物动词2)主语+不完全不及物动词+补足语名词、形容词3)主语+完全及物动词+宾语:名词代词V-ingto不定式名词从句主语+be+完全及物动词V-ed过去分词表示被动4)主语+不完全及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语:动词原形do不定式to do5)主语 +授予动词+间接宾语+直接宾语主语 +授予动词+直接宾语+介词to、for +间接宾语of、from第 10 页