即光电效应优秀PPT.ppt
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1、第四讲第四讲 射线与物质的相互作用(射线与物质的相互作用(3 3)Radiation Interactions with Matter光子光子与物质的相互作用与物质的相互作用A.Gamma Rays Following Beta DecayGamma radiation is emitted by excited nuclei in their transition to lower lying nuclear levels.Notes:1)For common examples widely used as gamma ray calibration sources.In each case
2、,a form of beta decay leads to the population of excited state in the daughter nucleus.2)The gamma rays from any one transition are nearly monoenergetic.3)The common gamma ray source based in beta decay are generally limited to energies below about 2.8 MeV.1 Source of Electromagnetic RadiationWhen t
3、he parent nucleus undergoes beta-plus decay,additional electromagnetic radiation is generated.The origin lie in the fate of the positrons emitted in the primary decay process.Annihilation Radiation:The original positron and electron disappear and are replaced by two oppositely directed 0.511MeV elec
4、tromagnetic photons known as annihilation radiation.Example:the decay of 22Na:B.Annihilation RadiationC.Gamma Ray Following Nuclear ReactionsIf gamma rays with energies higher than those available from beta-active isotopes are needed,some other process must lead to the population of higher-lying nuc
5、lear states.Example 1:4.44MeV Example 2:6.130MeV Notes:1)For monoenergetic electron that slow down and stop in a given material,the Bremsstrahlung energy spectrum is a continuum with photon energies that extend as high as the electron energy itself.2)The shape of the energy spectrum from an x-ray tu
6、be can be beneficially alter by filtration or passage through appropriate absorber materials.3)Bremsstrahlung is also produced by other source of fast electrons,including beta particles.I4)In addition to Bremsstrahlung,characteristic x-rays are also produced when fast electron pass through an absobe
7、r.Therefore,the spectra from x-ray tubes or other Bremsstrahlung sources also show characteristic x-ray emission lines superimposed on the continuous Bremsstrahlung spectrum.D.BremsstrahlungWhen fast electrons interaction in matter,part of their energy is converted into electromagnetic radiation in
8、the form of Bremsstrahlung.If the orbital electrons in an atom are disrupted from their normal configuration by some excitation process,the atom may be exist in an excited state for a short period of time.There is a nature tendency for the electrons to rearrange themselves to return the atom to its
9、lowest energy state or ground state within a time that is characteristically a nanosecond or less in a solid material.The energy librated in the transition from the excited to the ground state takes the form of a characteristic x-ray photon whose energy is given by the energy difference between the
10、initial and final states.E.Characteristic X-RaysE.Characteristic X-Rays核辐射测量学中的光子核辐射测量学中的光子电磁辐射电磁辐射特征特征 射线:射线:湮没辐射:湮没辐射:核能级跃迁核能级跃迁正电子湮没产生正电子湮没产生特征特征X射线:射线:原子能级跃迁原子能级跃迁轫致辐射:轫致辐射:带电粒子速度或运动带电粒子速度或运动方向变更产生方向变更产生2.光子与物质相互作用的特点:光子与物质相互作用的特点:光子是通过次级效应光子是通过次级效应(一种一种“单次性单次性”的随机事务的随机事务)与物质的原子或原子核外与物质的原子或原子核外电
11、子作用,一旦光子与物质发生作用,电子作用,一旦光子与物质发生作用,光子或者消逝或者受到散射而损失能量,光子或者消逝或者受到散射而损失能量,同时产生次电子;同时产生次电子;次级效应次级效应主要的方式有主要的方式有三种三种,即,即光电效光电效应应、康普顿效应康普顿效应和和电子对效应。电子对效应。射线与物质发生不同的相互作用都具有确射线与物质发生不同的相互作用都具有确定的概率,仍用截面这个物理量来表示作定的概率,仍用截面这个物理量来表示作用概率的大小。而且,总截面等于各作用用概率的大小。而且,总截面等于各作用截面之和,即:截面之和,即:总截面总截面光电效应截面光电效应截面康普顿效应截面康普顿效应截面
12、电子对效应截面电子对效应截面3.光电效应光电效应Photoelectric Effect 射射线线(光光子子)与与物物质质原原子子中中束束缚缚电电子子作作用用,把把全全部部能能量量转转移移给给某某个个束束缚缚电电子子,使使之之放放射射出出去去(称称为为光光电电子子photoelectron)photoelectron),而而光光子子本本身身消消逝逝的过程,称为光电效应。的过程,称为光电效应。光光电电效效应应是是光光子子与与原原子子整整体体相相互互作作用用,而而不不是是与与自自由由电电子子发发生生相相互互作作用用。因因此此,光光电电效效应应主要发生在原子中结合的主要发生在原子中结合的最紧的最紧的
13、 K层电子上。层电子上。光光电电效效应应发发生生后后,由由于于原原子子内内层层电电子子出出现现空空位位,将发生发出,将发生发出特征特征X X射线射线或或俄歇电子俄歇电子的过程。的过程。1)光电子的能量光电子的能量由由能量守恒能量守恒:因此,因此,光电子能量光电子能量为:为:光电效应是光子与原子整体的相互作用,光电效应是光子与原子整体的相互作用,而不是与自由电子的相互作用。否则不能而不是与自由电子的相互作用。否则不能同时满足能量和动量守恒。同时满足能量和动量守恒。2)光电截面光电截面入射光子入射光子与与物质原子物质原子发生发生光电效应光电效应的的截面截面称之为称之为光电截面光电截面。k为为k层光
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