运输管理复习(整理).doc

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1、1. Place Utility: Getting the products to the point of consumption creates Place Utility. The product will have no value unless consumed by the end consumers who demanded for the productsTime Utility: Getting the products to market on time creates Time Utility. The product will not be as valuable to

2、 the consumer once the demand no longer exists or there is a substitute.2. Product:Ease or difficulty of transporting the product Cost of transportationTransport equipment availabilityCapacity of equipment to move the productPricingTransportation cost is a variable expense of business operationsWill

3、 influence the price of the product as organizations need to recover the costs spent on transportationGood control of these costs will enable lower prices of products soldTarget MarketsAvailability & cost of transportation will determine if a product can be sold to a target marketMore important is t

4、he ability to consistently provide the product to the target market in a timely mannerPurchasing/Procurement/AcquisitionTransportation cost, availability and ability will influence what is purchased by an organization from raw products to parts to finished goodsFacility LocationTransportation availa

5、bility, adequacy and cost will determine the proximity of locations (warehouse, factories/retail outlets) to the final customers3. Transportation Costs（影响运输成本的两个因素）(1) Product-Related Factors(产品自身因素):Density Low density products (low weight-to-volume ratios) = higher transportation cost per kgStow-a

6、bility (Cube Utilization)High stow-ability = lower transportation costEase/Difficulty in HandlingProducts that are more difficult to handle = higher transportation costsLiability Higher liability assumed by transportation carrier = higher transportation costs(2) Market-Related Factors（市场因素） Degree o

7、f intra-mode and inter-mode competition The location of markets The nature and extent of government regulation The balance/imbalance of freight traffic in a market The seasonality of product movements Whether the product is transported domestically or internationally4.Pricing Related Issues:(1) Cost

8、-of-Service pricing strategy: Covers Fixed & Variable Cost + Profit Margin Ideal as it establishes rate limit provided that the carrier is able to identify its fixed and variable costs Transportation costs can vary in distance and volume in this approach(2) Value-of-Service Pricing Charges what the

9、market will bear Based on market demand for transportation service and competitive situation Establishes the upper limits on rates(3) FOB Pricing Free-on-Board pricing impacts transportation costs as the buyer will need to organize the transportation thereon from the point quoted by the seller Depen

10、ding on the point stipulated in the FOB terms of sale, the buyer could incur the full transportation cost or a fraction of it(4) Delivered PricingPrice quoted to Buyers includes delivery of the product（向买方提出的报价中包含产品运输费用）Delivered Pricing ：FOB Destination（目的地交货）(5) Zone Pricing Categorizes geographic

11、 areas into zones with specific delivery costs Zones that are closer to the buyer will be cheaper As the delivery costs are fixed for a zone, some buyers could end up paying more than others, depending on the delivery location within the zone(6) Basing-Point Pricing Seller selects location(s) （manuf

12、acturing plant, distribution center, port or free trade zone）as point-of-origin（始发地）. Buyers will select the point(s) accordingly and pay for delivery cost from origin to destination The product may or may not originate from the point-of-origin(7) Quantity Discounts Cumulative（累计的）Provides price red

13、uctions to buyer based on the amount of purchases over a prescribed period of time Noncumulative（非累计的）Applied to each order and does not accumulate over a period of time(8) Allowances（补贴） Given by seller to buyers who are willing to assume some of the delivery functions otherwise performed by seller

14、 Buyers should consider only when the allowance given is more or equal to the cost of performing the delivery function5.Categories of Rates (1) Line-Haul Rates：Charged for movement of goods between 2 points that are not in the same local pickup and delivery area (2) Class RatesReduce transportation

15、rates by grouping products into classes for pricing purposes.(3) Exception RatesProvides shipper with rates lower than the published class rates.(4) Commodity RatesApplies to large quantities of products shipped between 2 locations regularly.Rates are published based on point-to-point. (5) Miscellan

16、eous RatesOther rates applied in special circumstances.6.Carrier Characteristics (近年出现过一次，在SECTION A部分)(1) Common Carriers Offer services to all shippers for product transport at published rates and between designated（指定的） points. Legal entities - granted authority by appropriate federal regulatory

17、agencies（管理机构） Common carriers must offer their services to the general public on a nondiscriminatory basis. offer services on a nondiscriminatory basis. A significant problem common carriers face is that they cannot predict the number of customers with certainty in advance.(2) Contract Carriers For

18、-hire; does not serve the general public Serves limited number of shippers under contractual arrangements The contract requires that the carrier provide a specified transportation service at a specified cost. Specified rates In most instances, contract rates are lower than common carrier rates. An a

19、dvantage is that the carrier knows the transport demand in advance. (3) Exempt Carriers（豁免承运人） For-hire; transport certain products Introduced initially to enable farmers to transport their products (livestock, seeds & farm supplies) using public roads Extended to wider range of products ie. Newspap

20、ers.(4) Private Carriers(自营承运人) Not for hire and not subjected to federal economic regulation（不受制于政府的经济规章） Exclusive to firms own products/use7.(1) Motor More flexible & versatile compared to other transportation modes Able to transport products in varying sizes and weights over any distance best ma

21、rket coverage Offers customers fast, reliable service with minimal damage or loss(2) Rail Available in most metropolitan（大城市） cities Network is not as extensive（广阔）as motor and thus lacks the flexibility & versatility due to its fixed track facilities Services terminal-to-terminal（站到站） and costs les

22、s in comparison to motor and air Availability is limited to rail schedules which are less frequent than motors(3) Air Transports high value products Often used for urgent shipments（紧急货运） Provides rapid time-in-transit but could be delayed by terminal handling and delivery(4) Water More suited for mo

23、ving heavy, bulky（大量的）, low-value-per-unit commodities that can be loaded and unloaded easily using equipment Cheapest mode of transportation Applies to products where speed is not of primary importance Movement limited to the availability of lakes, rivers, canals & intercoastal waterways(5) Pipelin

24、e Able to transport a limited number of productsProduct flow is controlled Losses/Damages caused by leakage（泄漏） are rareLosses/Damages are rare Climates do not impact the products in the pipe Not labor-intensive and thus not subjected to people issues like strikes Costs could be high due to the buil

25、ding of the pipes initially 8.Selecting a mode?CostMarket coveragePredominant trafficAverage length of haulSpeed availabilityConsistency (delivery time variability)Loss and damageFlexibility (adjustment to shippers needs)Selecting a carrier?Freight costsInventory carrying costs Perceived quality of

26、customer serviceShipment tracking and tracing capabilitiesBilling/invoicing accuracyElectronic data interchange (EDI) capabilitiesPotential to develop mutually beneficial long-term partnership Ability to provide service that does not damage goods in transitCustoms clearance capabilities for internat

27、ional shipments9.-Freight Forwarder（货运代理） Similar to wholesalers in capacity within the marketing channel Shipments are consolidated into bigger shipments to benefit from volume discounts Can be either domestic or international and use either surface（地面运输） or airfreight（空运） Provides documentation se

28、rvice for international shipments （文件服务）-Transportation Brokers（运输代理） Arranges transportation services and charges a fee An agreement on rate is established between broker and carrier who will empower（授权） the broker to bill and receive payments on the carriers behalf （开单和收费） Brokers are beneficial t

29、o shippers who lack expertise in transportation or have limited resources-3rd Party Logistics Providers (3PL)（第三方物流提供商）3PLs like AEI, Bax Global and Emery provide the expertise in the management of the various transportation modes in terms of rate negotiations费率谈判, shipment tracking货运追踪 and the mana

30、gement of information信息管理, thus allowing the company to focus on its core competencies集中于核心能力 （in terms of 在。方面）10.-Export Distributor（出口分销商） Located in a foreign market Buys on own account（以自己的帐户购买产品） Responsible for sales of the product（负责产品的销售) Contractual relationship with domestic firm exclusiv

31、e rights for specific areas （独家代理权） Refrains from handling similar products from competitors Functions: Obtain/Maintain agreed-on levels of channel and sales effort Obtain/Handle import business & customs clearance arrangement Obtain required foreign exchange for payment Oversee inland freight and d

32、elivery functions Perform breakbulk operations （改包装）-Customs Broker（报关行） Facilitate product movement through customs（便利产品通过海关） Document handling for shipments Provide customs clearance expertise to organizations that export a variety of products to various countries to ensure that the products are o

33、n-time to market and not delayed by customs procedures Selection Criteria（选择标准） Specialist in certain products/shipping methods? Years in business? Resources to expedite clearance?（加速通关的资源） Proactive in alerting customers?（能否提前通知客户） Assistance in maintaining records? Electronic Data Interchange (EDI

34、) enabled?-International Freight Forwarders(国际货运代理) Handle movement of goods from production site to customer location（处理产品从制造地到客户所在地的运输） Knowledge of transportation modes & alternatives Provide full-service logistics : documentation preparation, coordinate product storage, organize pick-and-pack op

35、erations for the transportation-Trading Company(外贸公司) Primarily involved in exporting（主要经营出口业务） Match （匹配）sellers and buyers of goods/services, manage export arrangements, paperwork preparation, transportation mode & foreign government requirements-Non-Vessel-Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC)(无船承运商)

36、Common carrier who consolidates small shipments from various shippers to form a full container load Accepts shipment responsibility from exporters dock (码头）including documentation preparation and transportation. 二、 Documentation（very important!）1、Air waybill: issued by airlines/consolidator and serv

37、es as a contract between shipper and carrier （航空货运单）2、Certificate of Origin: applied by exporter and required by countries in a trade agreement to certify shipment origin for duty assessment （原产地证书）1、 Commercial Invoice: issued by seller and required for customs clearance at destination（商业发票）4、Packi

38、ng list: issued by exporter and provides detailed information on shipment content at package level. Useful for customs inspections and claims handling. （装箱单）5、 Ocean bill of lading(B/L): Issued by carrier and serves as a contract between carrier and shipper, specifying shipment details, pieces & wei

39、ght.（海运提单）6、Export license三、 Terms of Trade1、Ex Origin: Seller bears costs/risks until Buyer is obligated to take delivery. Buyer bears charges for documents & taxes 出口原产地2、FOB Inland Destination: Seller bears costs/risks until the named inland point at destination3、C&F(Cost & Freight): Seller bears

40、 cost/risks until point of destination. Buyer bears charges for importation and insurance from point of vessel loading.成本加运费4、CIF(Cost, Insurance & Freight): Similar to C&F with seller purchasing insurance. However, buyer will still assume risk after the seller has delivered the goods to the carrier

41、. 到岸价格四、Free Trade Zones(1) Areas where companies may ship products to postpone or reduce customs or taxes(2) Products within the FTZ are not dutiable/taxable until moved out of the zone to another destination country(3) Many manufacturers perform value-adds to the product in the zone ie. process, a

42、ssemble & repackage(4) FTZ are beneficial to manufacturers as it allows a tax-free environment for importing of raw materials and exporting for finished goods (5) Eliminate the need for a duty drawback (关税退税). 11.1、Bill of Lading 提单 Contract between carrier & shipper for transportation services Cont

43、ains all information required by carrier to transport the shipment from origin to destination ie. shippers name, product description, pieces, weight and terms of sale Receipt for products shipped and used in claims process in the event of damages/losses2、Freight Bill 运费单 Carriers invoice（发票） Can be

44、prepaid（先付） by Shipper or collect from Consignee（收件人） Multipart document used for arrival notification as well as delivery receipt （送货回单）3、 Shipping Manifest 载货清单 Used when there are multiple（多个） shipments/stops on a single vehicle for transport Lists the transit stops, consignees and product charac

45、teristics of the multiple shipments moved4、 Freight Claim 货物索赔单a) Used when losses/damages occur in the transportation of a productShippers need to provide detailed description of the loss/damage and append(附加） supporting documents to support the claim ie. Packing List （装箱单）& Bill of Lading12.1. Mod

46、e/Carrier Selection Stage 1: Problem Recognition Usually triggered （触发）by a service issue, a dissatisfaction with an existing mode or a change in the distribution strategy Stage 2: Search Process(寻找过程） Requires a variety of sources as inputs for choice selection Possible sources include carrier sale

47、s calls, past experience, brochures（小册子）, magazines or customer recommendations Time-consuming process in vetting（审查） through the information Stage 3: Choice Process（选择过程) Selection process where a feasible alternative is selected from the various modes/carriers Need to determine if selected mode/carrier can meet(满足、实现） the organizations requirements A list of requirements can be listed（列出） to help in the selection process For example, the requirements could be reliable service, speed and below $XX per delivery. The modes/carriers are then rated based on these requirements