考研英语模拟试题及答案解析.doc

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1、2008年考研英语模拟试题及答案解析Section Use of English Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Scientists and philosophers of science tend to speak as if “scientific language” were intrinsically precise， as if those wh

2、o use it must understand one anothers meaning， 1 they disagree. But， 2， scientific language is not as different from3language as is commonly believed； it， too， is 4 to imprecision and ambiguity and hence to 5 understanding. Moreover， new theories （or arguments） are rarely，6， constructed by way of cl

3、ear-cut steps of induction， deduction， and 7 （or falsification）。 Neither are they defended， rejected， or accepted in 8 straight forward a manner. 9， scientists combine the rules of scientific 10 with a generous mixture of intuition， aesthetics， and philosophical 11. The importance of what are someti

4、mes called extralogical components of thought in the discovery of a new principle or laws is generally 12. We 13 recall Einsteins description： “To these elementary laws there leads no logical path， 14 intuition， supported by being sympathetically in 15 with experience.” But the role of these extralo

5、gical components in persuasion and acceptance （in making an argument 16） is less frequently discussed， partly because they are less 17. The ways in which the credibility or effectiveness of a 18 depends on a realm of common experiences， on extensive practice in communicating those experiences in a c

6、ommon language， are hard to see precisely because such19are taken for granted. Only when we step out of such a “consensual domain”when we can stand out on the periphery of a 20 with a common language.1A even ifB unlessC thoughD if2A in questionB in reliefC in factD in prospect3A standardB popularC v

7、ulgarD ordinary4A susceptibleB subjectC immuneD related5A imperfectB perfectC impersonalD personal6A if soB if not allC if everD if any7A vergeB verificationC justiceD certainty8A soB suchC tooD very9A In briefB In advanceC In practiceD In company10A psychologyB methodologyC archaeologyD theology11A

8、 communityB communicationC committeeD commitment12A acknowledgedB confessedC abandonedD refined13A mayB ought toC were toD would14A but ratherB no more thanC but onlyD less more than15A pursuitB touchC proportionD terms16A convincingB wordyC ensuredD unreasonable17A visualB informedC imaginativeD vi

9、sible18A statementB argumentC assertionD style19A commoditiesB commonsC commonalitiesD commonwealth20A communityB personC countryD nationSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on AN

10、WER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1The Food and Drug Administration said Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is pigs raised by researchers at the Univers

11、ity of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes： One is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow. The other， a synthetic gene， makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either gene

12、tically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness， but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes， but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to b

13、e destroyed so they dont get into the food supply. The FDA， in a quickly arranged news conference Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY， said the University of Illinois will face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker， who in turn sells to processing plants

14、.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500，000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically alte

15、red to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning area of scientific research. “This is a small incident， but its incident like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence， ”says Stephanie Childs of th

16、e Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to whom we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadnt inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. T

17、hose piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didnt were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig whos tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market， ”says Charles Zukoski， vice chancellor for research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the te

18、rms of the universitys agreement with the FDA， the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for f

19、ood.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.21. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are fromA EuropeB an American research organizationC a meat processing plantD an animal farm22.

20、The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is toA get pigs of larger size in a shorter timeB make sows produce more milkC make cows produce more milkD make pigs grow more lean meat23. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois A was criticized by the FDAB is in great troubleC is

21、 required by the FDA to call back the sold pigletsD may have to pay the penalty24. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold pigletsA may have side effects on consumers B may be harmful to consumersC are safe to consumersD may cause human illness25. It can be inferred from this passage thatA all the

22、 offspring have their mothers genetic engineeringB part of the offspring have their mothers genetic engineeringC none of the offspring have their mothers genetic engineeringD half of the offspring have their mothers genetic engineeringText 2Foods are overwhelmingly the most advertised group of all c

23、onsumer products in the United States. Food products lead in expenditures for network and spot television advertisements， discount coupons， trading stamps， contests， and other forms of premium advertising. In other medianewspapers， magazines， newspaper supplements， billboards， and radiofood advertis

24、ing expenditures rank near the top. Food manufacturers spend more on advertising than any other manufacturing group， and the nations grocery stores rank first among all retailers.Through the 1970s， highly processed foods have accounted for the bulk of total advertising. Almost all coupons， electroni

25、c advertising， national printed media advertising， consumer premiums （other than trading stamps） as well as most push promotion come from processed and packaged food products. In 1978， breakfast cereals， soft drinks， candy and other desserts， oils and salad dressings， coffee， and prepared foods acco

26、unted for only an estimated 20 percent of the consumer food dollar. Yet these items accounted for about one half of all media advertising. By contrast， highly perishable foods such as unprocessed meats， poultry， fish and eggs， fruits and vegetables， and diary products accounted for over half of the

27、consumer food-at-home dollar. Yet these products accounted for less than 8 percent of national media advertising in 1978， and virtually no discount coupons. These products tend to be most heavily advertised by the retail sector in local newspaper， where they account for an estimated 40 percent of re

28、tail grocery newspaper ads.When measured against total food-at-home expenditures， total measured food advertising accounts for between 3 and 3.7 cents out of every dollar spent on food in the nations grocery stores. A little less than one cent of these amounts is accounted for by electronic advertis

29、ing （mostly television） while incentives account for 0.6 cents. The printed media accounts for 0.5 cents and about one-third of one cent is comprised of discount coupon redemptions. The estimate for the cost of push promotion ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 cents. This range is necessary because of the diffi

30、culty in separating non-promotional aspects of direct selling-transportation， technical， and other related services.Against this gross consumer must be weighed the joint products or services provided by advertising. In the case of electronic advertising， the consumer who views commercial television

31、receives entertainment， while readers of magazines and newspapers receive reduced prices on these publications. The consumer pays directly for some premiums， but also receives nonfood merchandise as an incentive to purchase the product. The “benefits” must， therefore， be subtracted form the gross co

32、st to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising.Also significant are the impacts of advertising on food demand， nutrition， and competition among food manufactures. The bulk of manufacturers advertising is concentrated on a small portion of consumer food products. Has advertising chang

33、ed the consumption of these highly processed products relative to more perishable foods such as meats， produce， and dairy products？ Has the nutritional content of the U.S. food consumption been influenced by food advertisings？ Has competition among manufacturers and retailers been enhance or weakene

34、d by advertising？ These are important questions and warrant continued research.26. The authors attitude toward advertising can be characterized asA admiring B condemning C uncertain D inquisitive27. The term “push promotion”（L. 3， P. 2） means.A coupon redemption B retail advertisingC direct selling

35、D advertising in trade journals28. The author implies that advertising costs.A should be discounted by the benefits of advertising to the consumerB are greater for restaurants than for at home foodsC are much higher in the United Stated than any where else in the worldD cause highly processed foods

36、to outsell unprocessed outsell foods29. The purpose of the article is toA warm about rising food advertising costsB describe the costs of food advertising and the issues yet to be understood about its effectsC congratulate the food industry on its effective advertisingD calculate the final balance s

37、heet for food advertising30. According to the passage， all of the following are definitely false EXCEPT A more food is advertised in newspapers than on televisionB less money is spent advertising food than automobilesC more of the food advertising budget is probably spent on push promotion than on t

38、elevision adsD less money is spent on food store advertising than on clothing store adsText 3The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy， according to a new report from the Hudson Institute， a public policy research organization. Currently， many older experience

39、d workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics， 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62； if that trend continues， there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans cons

40、titute an increasing proportion of the population， according to the U. S. Census Bureau， and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period， the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed， even part time， w

41、ould increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base； but without significant policy reforms， massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subjec

42、t our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work， any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.

43、Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed， but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough f

44、or retirement. According to the increase in 401 （k） and Keogh retirement plans， the ongoing stock market on Wall Street， and the likelihood of large inheritances， there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson institute advoca

45、tes reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings， especially for older worker. Among the reports recommendations： Tax half of all Social Security benefits， regardless of other income； provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65； and permit workers nearing retirement to n

46、egotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However， it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers； any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of ol

47、der experienced workers.31.According to Hudson Institute researchers， the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy isA constructive B significant C inconclusive D detrimental32.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service mayA do harm to younger generations B end up with few or no benefitsC give play to their potentialsD shed light on social trends33.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show thatA