文学概论复习提纲.doc

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1、一、 题型I. 单选题 20% ; II. 名词解释 15 %III. 诗歌分析 25 %IV. 短篇小说（或小说片段分析）14%V. 简答题目：16二、 文学概论复习提纲I. 选择题范围1. Classification of literature: Fiction and nonfiction. Under Fiction, there are four genres: novels, short stories, plays, and poem 2. Rhetorical divisions of essay/non-fiction: description, narration, ex

2、position and argumentation. 3. Classification of novel: by length, by technique, by subject matter4. Trilogy: Arnold Bennetts “The Clayhanger Family”, John Dos Passoss U.S.A, James T. Farrells “Studs Lonigan”; Tetralogy: For Maddox Fors “Parades End”; Lawrence Durrells “The Alexandria Quartet”.5. E.

3、 M. Forster who wrote Aspects of the Novel suggested that 50, 000 words is the smallest number of words needed to make a work a novel. Conveniently, a full-length novel comprises a book of considerable thickness. More importantly, full length should indicate full development. 6. Short novel, centers

4、 on just one or two characters, but unlike a short story, it has room to reveal them in greater fullness and depth, sometimes taking a longer span of time. Sometimes, a short novel is also called novelette or a novella. 7. Gothic novel: applied first by Horace Walpole to his novel The Castle of Otra

5、nto, a Gothic Story. The typical Gothic novel has a medieval setting, tantalizing plot of revenge and terrifying scenes and ending. The main character is always a woman usually doomed in one way or another. It is a womans adventure story. The atmosphere is depressing. Other examples include Jane Eyr

6、e, Rebecca. 8. Kunstlerroman: It is a novel about the artist or writer coming of age, or in conflict with society. His struggles from childhood to maturity are both against an inhospitable environment and with himself toward an understanding of his creative mission. Examples: James Joyces A Portrait

7、 of the Artist as a Young Man, Maughams The Moon and Six Pence. Dorris Lessings The Golden Notebook. 9. Psychological novel: novels that dwell on a complex psychological development and present much of the narration through the inner workings of the characters mind belong to psychological novel. Exa

8、mples would be Crime and Punishment, Madame Bovary, and all stream-of-consciousness novels such as Mrs. Dalloway and The Red Badge of Courage. 10. Epistolary Novel: an epistolary novel consists of letters the character write to each other. Examples: Samuel Richardsons Pamela; Goethes The Sorrows of

9、Young Werther, Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice. Alice Walkers Color Purple. 11. The novel of ideas: the ideas maybe moral, political or philosophical: Huxleys Brave New World; Sartres Age of Reason; Orwells 1984. 12. Historical novel was made popular by Sir Walter Scott. History in this kind of nov

10、els is a backdrop for an exciting story of love or heroic adventure. Examples: The Spy, Waverley, The Scarlet Letter, The Red Badge of Courage. 13. Don Quixote is considered the first great novel of the Western world. In 1713, Defoes Robinson Crusoe marked the maturity of the genre of novel. 14. By

11、their roles in the novel, the characters can be grouped as heroes/ heroine protagonist, antagonist, main character, minor characters, and foils. 15. Foil characters are ones that help enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting. They may be main characters or minor characters.

12、Cohn in The Sun also Rises is a main character and he is also a foil character that works by contrast. Wilson in The Great Gatsby works by strengthening. 16. By the degree of their development, characters can be grouped as round characters and flat characters. Emma in Emma is a round character that

13、grows from innocence to maturity. Pip in Great Expectation comes to realize that wealth can not make a gentleman. Some main characters or minor characters are flat characters. Cohn in The Sun Also Rises fails to grow out of his college days and see his problems clearly. Roger Chilingworth in The Sca

14、rlet Letter is obsessed all the time with revenge. 17. Guy de Maupassant and O. Henrys “surprise-ending story”.18. Maupassant and Chekhov as two representatives of two kinds of literature: one of resolution, the other revelation.19. Style may refer to the particular manner of expression. It can indi

15、cate the authors preference in diction, in figures of speech, in sentence variety and rhythm, and in rhetorical devices for gaining emphasis. William Faulkner experimented on style in his novel As I Lay Dying, in which he changes narrators with every chapter and he distinguishes them by giving each

16、an individual style or manner of speaking. Hemingway is a master of swift, terse dialogue and often casts whole scenes in the form of conversation. His style has influenced generations of writers. 20. Irony is a broad term referring to the recognition of a reality different from the masking appearan

17、ce. There are verbal irony (e.g. war is kind), irony of situation or event (Emily Dickinsons “Im Nobody! Who are you?”, T. S. Eliots “ The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” ), and irony of fate or cosmic irony when ironic twists of fate take place (e.g “The Gift of Magi”, Tess of the DUrbervilles), a

18、nd dramatic irony (referring to knowledge held by the audience but hidden from the relevant character )21. Poetic language is multidimensional: intellectual dimension, emotional dimension, sensuous dimension, and an imaginative dimension.22. Ballad: a short simple narrative poem often relating a dra

19、matic event: beginning abrupt, language simple, told in dialogue and action, tragic in theme, and there is often refrain in the use of language. There are two kinds of ballads, literary ballad, S. T. Coleridges “Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, folk or popular ballad ( most famous English ballad “Robin

20、 Hood”, most famous American ballad: “Yankee Doodle”)23. Epic：a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. The epic deals with noble characters and heroic deeds. There are two kinds of epics: the primitive and the literary epics

21、. The primitive belongs to the oral tradition: Iliad, Odyssey, and Beowulf (it is regarded by the English as the first national Epic). Paradise Lost is regarded as a most important literary epic in English literature. The term epic is also applied to works that do not treat heroic deeds or national

22、history, but have some qualities embodied by true epics, for example, the novel Moby Dick.24. Ode, a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. There are t

23、wo types of odes: the Pindaric and the Horatian odes. 25. Elegy, meaning lament, can be of any subject matter from love, lamentation, to war and politics. The best known: Thomas Grays “Elegy written in a Country Churchyard”.Pastoral Elegy: setting, pastoral; beginning, appeal26. Sonnet (Shakespearea

24、n sonnet or Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet, Petrarchan sonnet, and Spenserian sonnet，their rhyme rhythm and rhyme scheme) 27. Elements of Poetrya) Masculine rhyme, feminine rhyme, approximate rhyme（ alliteration, assonance, consonance, half rhyme, eye rhyme） rhyme scheme, b) Metrical rhythm (i

25、ambic pentameter and other types of metrical rhythm), the two terms used to nark the metrical pattern and rhyme scheme are scansion and caesura. To mark the stressed and unstressed syllables and rhyme scheme is called to scan; “U” indicates unstressed, “/” indicates stressed syllables. A pause in a

26、line of verse dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than by metrics is called caesura.c) Tone：书中关于诗歌中tone 的例子。d) Image, imagery, different senses used to create images, the function of imager: to create atmosphere, to provide an internal pattern, and to focus the theme of the poem. “The

27、Raven” p. 35728. Poetic devices: 注意每种修辞手段中所探讨的例子。另外，把p.371 Identify metaphors, similes or conceits in the following lines这一练习中题目弄懂。a) Simile; b) metaphorc) conceitd) personificatione) symbolf) paradoxg) ambiguityh) onomatopoeia (D. H. Lawrences “Snake” )29. Drama： three independent origins of drama:

28、 Greek tragedy, Greek Comedy, and Medieval Drama)30. blank verse, free verse, Pastoral的定义看懂。31. The Cambridge ladies.live in furnished souls. II. 名词解释范围1. Picaresque novel 举例2. Bildungsroman 【举例】3. Sociological novel 举例 4. Plot: p. 21. A plot is a particular arrangement of happeningA plot is sometim

29、es called a story line. The most important of the traditional plot is that it should be a complete or unified action, that is , something with a beginning, a middle and an end. A complete or traditional plot comprises phases like exposition, conflict, climax, denouement. 5. Point of view. P.29-30 要简

30、要说明共有几种叙事视角，每种叙事视角的特征 6. Local color writing. P. 171 举例 7. Epiphany: p. 173 8. Dramatic point of view， p. 175 9. Central intelligence, p.176 10. Symbol, 176-177. 1. A symbol is a thing that suggests more than its literal meaning. Symbols are suggested through special treatment such as imagery, repet

31、ition, connotative language, or other artistic devices. While some symbols embody universal meaning, others secure their suggestiveness from the context. Through the use of symbols, the author can achieve indirectness and compression. III. 问答题范围 1. How literary forms are related to one another in th

32、e light of the way word are used and the ways in which words are communicated to the reader? P. 2. 2. What conclusions can we draw about the term of novel from its etymology? P. 5-63. How is a plot made? In an analysis of an event, there are four factors to consider: they are the doer and the doing,

33、 the time, the space, and the value. In making a plot, the novelist manipulates the four factors of every one of the events of in his novel. Nobody can escape time and nobody experiences every minutes of his life with equal intensity. This natural law also governs the novelists way of plot-making. T

34、here are several ways to manipulate time in novel writing: To decide a time span, to omit some time units form the time span already decided upon; to disorganize/reorganize time.An event has to occur in a particular place, and this gives the novelist another opportunity to manipulate. There is no st

35、andard by which the reader can judge. To write about the corrupting forces of big cities, any big city will do, be it New York or Los Angles. The only thing to watch out is the stock type. Once the place has been decided on, details particular to that place should be created. The novelist can manipu

36、late the doer and the doing. To invent a violent death, the novelist can make a car kill an old man, or a bridge fall on a governor, provided it suits his purpose.Value judgment is a bit more complicated. The novelist can be straightforward and address the reader directly, or the other way round. To

37、 make value judgment through plots, the novelist has to rely on the concept of time, to allocate more time to the things we are interested in, and give passing attention to uninteresting things. 4. Misunderstandings or misconceptions about theme. P. 265. What are the two kinds of literature represen

38、ted by Maupassant and Chkhov? P. 141-142.VI. 文本分析范围掌握sonnet 的种类，会结合rhyme scheme 来判断属于那种类型的sonnet；会划分诗歌metrical rhythm 即规则性诗歌重读（/）和非重读的划分(U), 掌握抑扬格五音步（iambic pentameter）和抑扬格四音步（iambic tetrameter ）的特征。诗歌的主题，tone, 小说或短篇小说的叙述视角，主题。诗歌中的意象，并会判断这些意象属于何种类别（visual sense, auditory sense, tactile sense, olfact

39、ory sense , gustartory sense, kinesthetic sense）会判断小说或短篇小说的exposition, conflict, Dnouement, climax, 人物的类型：hero, main character, minor character, flat character, round character. 1. Meeting at Night, p.3652. pity this busy monster, manunkind, p. 3673. Dream Song: 40, p. 368.4. Song of myself， p.3695. Fire and Ice, p. 3696. The Widow of Ephesus, p. 1447. Misery. P.149.