转基因食品译文.docx

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1、转基因食品Genetically modified foods or GM foods, also genetically engineered foods, are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater contr

2、ol over traits than previous methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.1转基因食品（GM foods），又称基因工程食品。它是利用基因工程的方法，通过引入DNA改造生物体从而获得一种食品。与先前的选择育种和诱变育种相比，生物工程技术即保证了引入新性状，又能能更好的控制形状。Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when Calgene first marketed its unsuccessful Flavr

3、Savr delayed-ripening tomato.23 Most food modifications have primarily focused on cash crops in high demand by farmers such as soybean, corn, canola, and cotton seed oil. Genetically modified crops have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and for better nutrient profiles. GM l

4、ivestock have been developed, although as of November 2013 none were on the market.商业销售的转基因食品始于1994年，卡尔金公司第一个将还未取得成功的Flavr Savr后熟西红柿投入市场。此时绝大多数的食品改造项目主要集中在像大豆、玉米、菜籽油和棉籽油等这些农夫们需求量高的经济作物上。通过改造，转基因作物表现出了对病原体和除草剂的耐受性，并且具有更优良的营养物质。转基因家畜也得到了发展，但是截止到2013年11月市场上还没有出现转基因家畜。There is general scientific agreeme

5、nt that food from genetically modified crops is not inherently riskier to human health than conventional food, but should be tested on a case-by-case basis.However, there are ongoing public concerns related to food safety, regulation, labelling, environmental impact, research methods, and the fact t

6、hat some GM seeds are subject to intellectual property rights owned by corporations.在科学上普遍认同，与常规食品相比，通过转基因作物制成的食品并不会对人的健康有更大的固有风险。但转基因食品需逐个地进行测试。然而，食品安全、规范、标签、环境影响、研究方法以及部分转基因种子受知识产权所属公司控制等问题引发了一部分人的担忧。目录定义Genetically modified foods, GM foods or genetically engineered foods, are foods produced from

7、organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering as opposed to traditional cross breeding.712 In the US, the Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) favor the use of genetic engineering over genetic modification as

8、 the more precise term; the USDA defines genetic modification to include genetic engineering or other more traditional methods.转基因食品(GM foods)或称基因工程食品，与传统的杂交育种不同，转基因食品是一种利用基因工程的方法，通过引入DNA改造生物体从而获得一种食品。在美国，农业部（USDA）和食品药品监督管理局（FDA）倾向于使用“基因工程”作为精确的术语，而不是“转基因”。美国农业部把转基因定义为包含“基因工程和更多其他传统方法。”According to

9、the World Health Organization, Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be defined as organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. The technology is often called

10、 modern biotechnology or gene technology, sometimes also recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering. . Foods produced from or using GM organisms are often referred to as GM foods.依照世界卫生组织的规定，“转基因生物（GMOs）的定义为非通过交配和/或天然基因重组发生使遗传物质（DNA）发生改变的生物（例如职务、动物、微生物）。该技术经常被称作现代生物技术或基因技术，有时也叫做DNA重组技术或基因工程。转

11、基因生物产生的食品 或利用其制作的食品就被称为转基因食品”历史Main article: History of genetic engineering主要文章：基因工程的历史Human directed genetic manipulation of food began with the domestication of plants and animals through artificial selection at about 10,500 to 10,100 BC.The process of selective breeding, in which organisms with d

12、esired traits (and thus with the desired genes) are used to breed the next generation and organisms lacking the trait are not bred, is a precursor to the modern concept of genetic modification (GM).15:116:1 With the discovery of DNA in the early 1900s and various advancements in genetic techniques t

13、hrough the 1970s17 it became possible to directly alter the DNA and genes within food.在大约公元前10500年到10100前，通过人工选择，人类对植物和动物进行驯化，而人类指导的食品遗传操作也就此开始。选择育种的过程：携带有所需性状的生物（因而携带所需的基因）被用于繁殖下一代，而缺乏所需性状的生物则不参与繁殖，这是转基因现代概念的前身。随着20世纪早期DNA的发现和20世纪70年代遗传技术的各种进步，直接改变食品的DNA和基因成为了可能。Genetically modified microbial enzym

14、es were the first application of genetically modified organisms in food production and were approved in 1988 by the US Food and Drug Administration.18 In the early 1990s, recombinant chymosin was approved for use in several countries.1819 Cheese had typically been made using the enzyme complex renne

15、t that had been extracted from cows stomach lining. Scientists modified bacteria to produce chymosin, which was also able to clot milk, resulting in cheese curds.1988年，经美国农业部批准，人们第一次将转基因微生物酶应用在食品生产的转基因生物上。在20世纪90年代早期，重组凝聚酶在某些国家被批准可以使用。从牛的胃粘膜提取出了凝乳聚合酶，奶酪便是个用这种酶制作的典型例子。科学家通过改造细菌来生产凝乳酶，所得的凝乳酶同样可以凝结牛奶，产

16、生奶酪凝块。The first genetically modified food approved for release was the Flavr Savr tomato in 1994.2 Developed by Calgene, it was engineered to have a longer shelf life by inserting an antisense gene that delayed ripening.21 In 1995, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Potato was approved for cultivation, mak

17、ing it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the USA.22 Other genetically modified crops receiving marketing approval in 1995 were: canola with modified oil composition, Bt maize, cotton resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil, Bt cotton, glyphosate-tolerant soybeans, virus-resistant sq

18、uash, and another delayed ripening tomato.在1994年，卡尔金公司开发的Flavr Savr西红柿成为了第一个批准销售的转基因食品。通过导入一个延迟成熟的反义基因，该产品被设计成了拥有更长的贮藏寿命的西红柿。1995年，苏云金芽孢杆菌 土豆获得了耕种许可，这成为了美国第一例获得许可的杀虫剂生产作物。其他收到销售许可的转基因作物有：改进油分的菜籽油、Bt玉米、耐溴苯腈除草剂棉花、Bt棉花、抗草甘膦大豆、抗病毒南瓜以及其他晚熟西红柿。By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercialized biotech crops

19、 and a further 31 countries had granted regulatory approval for transgenic crops to be imported.23 The US was the leading country in the production of GM foods in 2011, with twenty-five GM crops having received regulatory approval.24 In 2015, 92% of corn, 94% of soybeans, and 94% of cotton produced

20、in the US were genetically modified strains.到了2010年，已经有29个国家种植商业化生物技术作物并且有超过31个国家已经授权对进口转基因作物的注册审批。2011年作为转基因食品方面主导性国家得美国，已经有25转基因做过获得了注册审批。2015年，美国92%的玉米， 94%的大豆以及94% 棉花是通过转基因品系产出的。With the creation of golden rice in 2000, scientists had genetically modified food to increase its nutrient value for

21、the first time.随着2000年黄金水稻的产生，科学家第一次从基因方面改进食物来增加其营养价值。The first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.27 The salmon were transformed with a growth hormone-regulating gene from a Pacific Chinook salmon and a promoter from an ocean pout enabling it to

22、grow year-round instead of only during spring and summer.而第一例从基因上改造的动物食品获得批准则是2015年的基因改造鲑鱼。利用太平洋大鳞大麻哈鱼的生长素调控基因和大洋鳕鱼启动子来转变鲑鱼，使其能在一年内抑制生长而不是只在的春天和夏天。In April 2016, a white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) modified using the CRISPR technique received de facto approval in the United States, after the

23、 USDA said it would not have to go through the agencys regulatory process. The agency considers the mushroom exempt because the editing process did not involve the introduction of foreign DNA.2016年4月，一种利用CRISPR技术改造的白蘑菇（双孢蘑菇）在美国获得了事实上的许可，在此之前美国农业部表示该产品不得通过该机构的监管过程。该机构考虑将蘑菇免除，因为编辑的过程不能包含外源DNA的引入。The m

24、ost widely planted GMOs are designed to tolerate herbicides. By 2006 some weed populations had evolved to tolerate some of the same herbicides. Palmer amaranth is a weed that competes with cotton. A native of the southwestern US, it traveled east and was first found resistant to glyphosate in 2006,

25、less than 10 years after GM cotton was introduced.种植最广泛的转基因生物是那些被设计成耐受除草剂的生物。到2006年为止，一些杂草种群已经演化出了对同类除草剂的耐受性。长芒苋是一种和棉花竞争的杂草。作为美国西南部土生土长的一种植物，长芒苋传播到了东部。并且2006年第一次发现其对草甘膦具有耐受性。不到10年的时间，转基因棉花被引入。过程main article: Genetic engineering主要文章：基因工程Genetically engineered organisms are generated and tested in the

26、 laboratory for desired qualities. The most common modification is to add one or more genes to an organisms genome. Less commonly, genes are removed or their expression is increased or silenced or the number of copies of a gene is increased or decreased.为了得到所需的性状，基因工程生物在实验室中产生并测试。绝大多数普遍的改造是向某种生物的基因组

27、内引入一个或那个过多的基因。不太常用则是基因的删除、基因表达的增加、基因的沉默、基因拷贝数目的增加或减少。Once satisfactory strains are produced, the producer applies for regulatory approval to field-test them, called a field release. Field-testing involves cultivating the plants on farm fields or growing animals in a controlled environment. If these

28、field tests are successful, the producer applies for regulatory approval to grow and market the crop. Once approved, specimens (seeds, cuttings, breeding pairs, etc.) are cultivated and sold to farmers. The farmers cultivate and market the new strain. In some cases, the approval covers marketing but

29、 not cultivation.一旦符合要求的品系产生，生产商就会申请注册审批来进行一个被称作“田间释放”的现场测验。现场测试包含了在农田上培育植物或者在受控环境中饲养动物。如果这些现场测试区的成功，生厂商就会申请注册审批来种植和销售这些作物。一旦获得批准，样本（种子、插条、繁殖配对动物等）就可以被种植并卖给农夫。农夫可以种植并销售新的品种。在某些案例中，许可包含了销售但不允许种植。According to the USDA, the number of field releases for genetically engineered organisms has grown from fo

30、ur in 1985 to an average of about 800 per year. Cumulatively, more than 17,000 releases had been approved through September 2013.根据美国农业部信息，基因工程生物田间释放的数量在已经从1985年4个开始以每年800个平均速度增长。累积到2013年9月，已经有超过17000个已经获得释放许可。Crops作物Main article: Genetically modified crops主要文章：转基因作物Fruits and vegetables水果和蔬菜3 views

31、 of the Sunset papaya cultivar, which was genetically modified to create the SunUp cultivar, resistant to PRSV.图中展示的为日落木瓜品种，通过改造该品种的木瓜创造出了日出品种。改良后的品种表现出对木瓜环斑病毒的抗性。Papaya was genetically modified to resist the ringspot virus. SunUp is a transgenic red-fleshed Sunset papaya cultivar that is homozygous

32、 for the coat protein gene PRSV; Rainbow is a yellow-fleshed F1 hybrid developed by crossing SunUp and nontransgenic yellow-fleshed Kapoho.34 The New York Times stated, in the early 1990s, Hawaiis papaya industry was facing disaster because of the deadly papaya ringspot virus. Its single-handed savi

33、or was a breed engineered to be resistant to the virus. Without it, the states papaya industry would have collapsed. Today, 80% of Hawaiian papaya is genetically engineered, and there is still no conventional or organic method to control ringspot virus.35 The GM cultivar was approved in 1998.36 In C

34、hina, a transgenic PRSV-resistant papaya was developed by South China Agricultural University and was first approved for commercial planting in 2006; as of 2012 95% of the papaya grown in Guangdong province and 40% of the papaya grown in Hainan province was genetically modified.木瓜通过基因改造能够抵抗环斑病毒。日出型品

35、种指的是转基因日落型番木瓜。该品种对番木瓜环斑病毒基因表现为纯和。彩虹型是由日出型和非转基因黄果肉木棉杂交而获得一中黄果肉F1代杂合子。据纽约时报报到，“早在20世纪90年代早期，由于木瓜环斑病毒的危害，夏威夷的木瓜工业就面临了巨大的灾难。而这灾难的唯一救星就是设计出一个开病毒的品种。如果没有这个救星，夏威夷州的木瓜工业就将崩塌。而现在，夏威夷80%的木瓜都是转基因品种，并且人们仍未找到传统的或者自然的方法来控制环斑病毒。”转基因栽培品种在1998年获得许可。在中国，一种转基因抗木瓜环斑病毒的木瓜在华南农业大学得到了发展。并且于2006年第一次获得了商业化种植的许可。到2012年为止，广东省种

36、植的95%的木瓜和海南种植的40%的木瓜为转基因品种。The New Leaf potato, brought to market by Monsanto in the late 1990s, was developed for the fast food market. It was withdrawn in 2001 after retailers rejected it and food processors ran into export problems.新叶马铃薯在20世纪90年代晚期被 孟山都公司（美国著名农业生化公司）引入市场。这种马铃薯专为开餐市场研发。2001年的时候，由于

37、零售商们拒绝使用这种马铃薯，该项目被撤销。而且食品加工也遇到了出口问题。As of 2005, about 13% of the Zucchini (a form of squash) grown in the US was genetically modified to resist three viruses; that strain is also grown in Canada.截止到2005年，美国生长西葫芦（一种南瓜）有大约13%是转基因的抗三种病毒的品种，该品种也在加拿大种植。Plums genetically engineered for resistance to plum

38、pox, a disease carried by aphids.李属的植物被基因工程改造成抗李痘病的品种。李痘病是蚜虫类携带的的一中疾病。In 2011, BASF requested the European Food Safety Authoritys approval for cultivation and marketing of its Fortuna potato as feed and food. The potato was made resistant to late blight by adding resistant genes blb1 and blb2 that o

39、riginate from the Mexican wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum. In February 2013, BASF withdrew its application.2011年，巴斯夫向欧洲食品安全局申请种植和销售可以作为饲料和食物的Fortuna土豆。通过添加b1b1和b1b2抗性基因，该土豆具有了对晚疫病的抗性，这两种基因是从墨西哥野生土豆Solanum bulbocastanum中提取的。2013年2月，巴斯夫撤销了申请。In 2013, the USDA approved the import of a GM pineapple th

40、at is pink in color and that overexpresses a gene derived from tangerines and suppress other genes, increasing production of lycopene. The plants flowering cycle was changed to provide for more uniform growth and quality. The fruit does not have the ability to propagate and persist in the environmen

41、t once they have been harvested, according to USDA APHIS. According to Del Montes submission, the pineapples are commercially grown in a monoculture that prevents seed production, as the plants flowers arent exposed to compatible pollen sources. Importation into Hawaii is banned for plant sanitation

42、 reasons.2013年，美国农业部批准了一个转基因凤梨的进口。这种凤梨呈现为粉红色，这样过度表达一个来自柑橘的基因并且抑制其他基因，从而增加了番茄红色的含量。这种植物的开花周期也发生了改变，因而可以提供更均匀的发育和品质。根据美国农业部动植物卫生检查局所说，这种水果不具有翻繁殖能力，并且一旦被收货后就不能存留。依照德尔蒙特的提议，这种凤梨可以进行单一的商业栽培，以此保证种子的产生。植物的花则不被暴露共有的花粉来源。夏威夷以工厂卫生为由禁止了这项进口。In 2014, the USDA approved a genetically modified potato developed by

43、J.R. Simplot Company that contained ten genetic modifications that prevent bruising and produce less acrylamide when fried. The modifications eliminate specific proteins from the potatoes, via RNA interference, rather than introducing RNA interference.2014年，美国农业部批准了J.R. Simplot公司的转基因马铃薯。这种马铃薯包含了10个基

44、因修饰，这样可以防止在油炸时造成损伤以及产生丙稀酰胺。通过RNA干扰而非引入RNA干扰，修饰消除了马铃薯的特殊蛋白质。In February 2015 Arctic Apples were approved by the USDA,47 becoming the first genetically modified apple approved for sale in the US.48 Gene silencing is used to reduce the expression of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), thus preventing the fruit from browning.2015年2月，北极苹果获得美国农业部的批准。这成为了第一个获得在美国销售许可的转基因苹果。利用基因沉默的方法减少多酚氧化酶的表达，这样可以防止苹果变成褐色