研英语一试题及答案解析(3).docx

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1、考研英语一真题及答案分析SectionIU搜寻引擎优化fEnglishReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmerspieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhowere

2、taughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4innotbeingtooterrificallybright.Intelligence,it5out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearningagradual7insteadofinstinct.Plentyofothe

3、rspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingstheyveapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligence?Thatsthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespeciesweveleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12them

4、indofeveryanimalIveevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryf

5、orterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20theresultsareinconclusive.1.ASupposeBConsiderCObserveDImagine2.AtendedBfearedChappenedDthreatened3.AthinnerBstablerClighterDdim

6、mer4.AtendencyBadvantageCinclinationDpriority5.AinsistsonBsumsupCturnsoutDputsforward6.AoffBbehindCoverDalong7.AincredibleBspontaneousCinevitableDgradual8.AfightBdoubtCstopDthink9.AinvisibleBlimitedCindefiniteDdifferent10.AupwardBforwardCafterwardDbackward11.AfeaturesBinfluencesCresultsDcosts12.Aout

7、sideBonCbyDacross13.AdeliverBcarryCperformDapply14.AbychanceBincontrastCasusualDforinstance15.AifBunlessCasDlest16.AmoderateBovercomeCdetermineDreach17.AatBforCafterDwith18.AAboveallBAfterallCHoweverDOtherwise19.AfundamentalBcomprehensiveCequivalentDhostile20.AByaccidentBIntimeCSofarDBetterstillSect

8、ionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice

9、,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habitcarriesanegativeconnotation.Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,we

10、createparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Butdontbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,theyretheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcan

11、bypasstho搜寻引擎优化ldroads.“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMindandanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadtodecide,justasourpresidentcallshimselftheDecider.Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossi

12、bilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwereunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)a

13、ndinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyu搜寻引擎优化urinnovativeandcollaborativemodesoft

14、hought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystemthatanyonecandoanything,explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill.andMs.Markovasbusinesspartner.“Thatsaliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyouregoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.Thisiswheredevelopingnewh

15、abitscomesin.21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeingA.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.22.TheresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbeA.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided23.ruts(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningtoA.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections24.Ms.Mark

16、ovascommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting?A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformedB,nolongeremphasizescommonnessC,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodelD,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem25.RyanmostprobablyagreethatA.ideasarebornofarelaxingmindB.innovativenesscouldbetaughtC.decisivenessderi

17、vesfromfantasticideasD.curiosityactivatescreativemindsText2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdomoratleastconfirmthathesthekidsdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstoreandanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peopleh

18、avepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:patern

19、ityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamilysgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.Alltestsrequireapotentialc

20、andidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyc

21、onsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafatherslineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14o

22、thergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdontrelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdepe

23、ndingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTKs_.AeasyavailabilityBflexibilityinpricingCsuccessfulpromotionDpopularitywithhouseholds27.PTKisusedto

24、_.AlocateonesbirthplaceBpromotegeneticresearchCidentifyparent-childkinshipDchoosechildrenforadoption28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto_.AtracedistantancestorsBrebuildreliablebloodlinesCfullyusegeneticinformationDachievetheclaimedaccuracy29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgen

25、etictestingfacesis_.AdisorganizeddatacollectionBoverlappingdatabasebuilding30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe_.AForsandAgainstsofDNAtestingBDNAtestingandItsproblemsCDNAtestingoutsidethelabDliesbehindDNAtestingText3Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswi

26、delymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.

27、Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,ra

28、dicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycau搜寻引擎优化fthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderi

29、nautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHondaNissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterepantsaresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexaminghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate

30、,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustryswork.Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhen

31、governmentsdontforceit.Afterall,thatshoweducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidnthavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.Aseducationimproved,humanitysproductivitypote

32、ntial,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroa

33、derformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesntconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworldsworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisntdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.31.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thatt

34、heimportantofeducationinpoorcountries_.AissubjectgroundlessdoubtsBhasfallenvictimofbiasCisconventionaldowngradedDhasbeenoverestimated32.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem_.AchallengeseconomistsandpoliticiansBtakeseffortsofgenerationsCdemandspriorityfromthegovernmentDrequires

35、sufficientlaborforce33.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.Sworkforcesisthat_.AtheJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplinedBtheJapaneseworkforceismoreproductiveCtheU.SworkforcehasabettereducationDtheU.Sworkforceismoreorganize34.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged_.Awhenpe

36、oplehadenoughtimeBpriortobetterwaysoffindingfoodCwhenpeopleonlongerwenthungDasaresultofpressureongovernment35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation_.AresultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironmentsBdoesnotdependoneconomicperformanceCfollowsimprovedproductivityDcannotaffordpoliticalchangesTex

37、t4Themostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“SomuchimportantattachedtointellectualpursuitsAccordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEnglandsleadersestabl

38、ishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritanstheologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationo

39、fsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationand

40、influenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,TherewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,an

41、dgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,Theinthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigr

42、atedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:“comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanth

43、ing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople.OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDanes,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion.“

44、Ourmainendwastocatchfish.36.Theauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland_.APuritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife.Bintellectualinterestswereencouraged.CPoliticsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors.Dintellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment.37.Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNewEnglanders

45、_.Aexperiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory.BbroughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorldCpaidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallifeDwereobsessedwithreligiousinnovations38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay_.AwerefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritingsBgainedincreasingimportanceinr

46、eligiousaffairsCabandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorldDcreatedanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland39.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften_.AinfluencedbysuperstitionsBtroubledwithreligiousbeliefsCpuzzledbychurchsermonsDfrustratedwithfamilyearnings40.ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland_.AweremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivitiesBweremotivatedbyanillusoryprospectCcamefromdifferentbackgrounds.Dleftfe