研英语一试题及答案解析(3).doc

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1、年世界硕士研究生招生检验英语一试题SectionU搜寻引擎优化fEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycantremember1weputthekeysjustamoment

2、ago,oranoldacquaintancesname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2,werefertothe搜寻引擎优化ccurrencesas“seniormoments.3seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavean4impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal5.Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatth

3、eresactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11,becauset

4、heseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort.Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirst“braintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14.TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimpr

5、oveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredevelopingmuchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.1.AwhereBwh

6、enCthatDwhy2.AimprovesBfadesCrecoversDcollapses3.AIfBUnlessCOnceDWhile4.AunevenBlimitedCdamagingDobscure5.AwellbeingBenvironmentCrelationshipDoutlook6.AturnsBfindsCpointsDfigures7.AroundaboutsBresponsesCworkoutsDassociations8.AgenreBfunctionsCcircumstancesDcriterion9.AchannelBconditionCsequenceDproc

7、ess10.ApersistBbelieveCexcelDfeature11.AThereforeBMoreoverCOtherwiseDHowever12.AaccordingtoBregardlessofCapartfromDinsteadof13.AbackBfurtherCasideDaround14.AsharpnessBstabilityCframeworkDflexibility15.AforcesBremindsChurriesDallows16.AholdBtrackCorderDpace17.AtoBwithCforDon18.AirregularlyBhabitually

8、CconstantlyDunusually19.AcarryBputCbuildDtake20.AriskyBeffectiveCidleDfamiliarSectionReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inorderto“changelivesforthebetterandreduce“dependency,Ge

9、orgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe“upfrontworksearchscheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessf

10、ollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseekersallowance.“Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon,heclaimed.“Weredoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelptho搜寻引擎优化nbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedcha

11、ncellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith“reformstoanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor“fundamentalfairnessprotectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlyth

12、emostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.Losingajobishurting:youdontskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenowno

13、twanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependencypermanentdependen

14、cyifyoucangetitsupportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterh

15、appens.Eventheveryphrase“jobseekersallowanceisaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa“jobseekerwhohadnofundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited“allowance,conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at71.70

16、aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.21.GeorgeOsbornesschemewasintendedtoAprovidetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits.Bencouragejobseekersactiveengagementinjobseeking.Cmotivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily.Dguaranteejobseekerslegitimaterighttobenefits.22.Thephrase“tosignonLine2,Para.2mostprobabl

17、ymeansAtocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre.Btoacceptthegovernmentsrestrictionsontheallowance.Ctoregisterforanallowancefromthegovernment.Dtoattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram.23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?AAdesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.BAneagernesstoprotecttheunemploy

18、ed.CAnurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.DApassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.24.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeelAuneasy.Benraged.Cinsulted.Dguilty.25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?ATheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekerslaziness.BOsbornesreformswillreducetheri

19、skofunemployment.CThejobseekersallowancehasmettheiractualneeds.DUnemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.Text2Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofessionwiththepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmer

20、ica.Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsy

21、stemacostlynightmare.Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforth

22、ebarexam.Thisleavestodaysaveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooco

23、nservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmou

24、ntainbyathird.Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistt

25、hatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirmsefficiency.A

26、fterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.26.AlotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessionduetoAthegrowingdemandfromclients.Btheincreasingpressureofinflation.Ctheprospectofworkinginbigfirms.Dtheattractionoffinancialrewards.27.Whichof

27、thefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates?AHighertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies.BAdmissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.CPursuingabachelorsdegreeinanothermajor.DReceivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations.28.HindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfromAlawyersandclien

28、tsstrongresistance.Btherigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession.Cthesternexamforwould-belawyers.Dnon-professionalssharpcriticism.29.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered“restrictivepartlybecauseitAbansoutsidersinvolvementintheprofession.Bkeepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmshares.Caggravatestheethicalsitu

29、ationinthetrade.Dpreventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits.30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscussesAflawedownershipofAmericaslawfirmsanditscauses.BthefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica.CaprobleminAmericaslegalprofessionandsolutionstoit.DtheroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmericaslegaleducation.Text3

30、TheUS3-millionFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyearsawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamental

31、PhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.Whatsnottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Yo

32、ucannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.T

33、heydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscience

34、prizesbothnewandoldaredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundationslimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearchaswillbedemonstrat

35、edbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothin

36、gsseemclear.First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere.Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanismthatisthecultureofresearch,afterallbutitistheprize-giversmoneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotake

37、suchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.31.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenasAasymboloftheentrepreneurswealth.BapossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.Canexampleofbankersinvestments.Dahandsomerewardforresearchers.32.ThecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefitAtheprofit-orientedscientists.Bthefoundersofthenew

38、awards.Ctheachievement-basedsystem.Dpeer-review-ledresearch.33.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolvesAcontroversiesovertherecipientsstatus.Bthejointeffortofmodernresearchers.Clegitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.Dthedemonstrationofresearchfindings.34.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefol

39、lowingistrueoftheNobels?ATheirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.BTheirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.CTheyarethemostrepresentativehonor.DHistoryhasnevercastdoubtonthem.35.TheauthorbelievesthatthenewawardsareAacceptabledespitethecriticism.Bharmfultothecultureofresearch.Csubjecttoundesirablechanges.Dunwor

40、thyofpublicattention.Text4“TheHeartoftheMatter,thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesAAAS,deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereportsfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthe

41、crisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.In,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby“federal,stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothersto“maintainnationalexcellenceinhumani

42、tiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation.Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommissions51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournali

43、sm.Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheu搜寻引擎优化fnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovati

44、onandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudentsabilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.Thereportals

45、oadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguages,internationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms.Unfortunately,despite2yearsinthemaking,“TheHeartoftheMatternevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.Thecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecade

46、sAmericascollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodontknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheu搜寻引擎优化fthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing“progressive,orleft-liberalpropaganda.To

47、day,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideassuchasfreemarketsandself-relianceasfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,intellectualinvestigation.TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate