研英语一试题及答案解析.doc

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1、年世界硕士研究生招生检验英语一试题SectionU搜寻引擎优化fEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924AmericasNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithop

2、edtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjectsbehavior.Theideaarosebecau搜寻引擎优化fthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhour

3、lyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkersbehavior10itself.Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricanalysis.Hawthorneexperimenthasanoth

4、ersurpriseinstore.12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationsofwhathappened.15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecom

5、paredwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.Workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffectisha

6、rdtopindown.1.AaffectedBachievedCextractedDrestored2.AatBupCwithDoff3.AtruthBsightCactDproof4.AcontroversialBperplexingCmischievousDambiguous5.ArequirementsBexplanationsCaccountsDassessments6.AconcludeBmatterCindicateDwork7.AasfarasBforfearthatCincasethatDsolongas8.AawarenessBexpectationCsentimentDi

7、llusion9.AsuitableBexcessiveCenoughDabundant10.AaboutBforConDby11.AcomparedBshownCsubjectedDconveyed12.AcontrarytoBconsistentwithCparallelwithDpeculiarto13.AevidenceBguidanceCimplicationDsource14.AdisputableBenlighteningCreliableDmisleading15.AIncontrastBForexampleCInconsequenceDAsusual16.AdulyBacci

8、dentallyCunpredictablyDsuddenly17.AfailedBceasedCstartedDcontinued18.AThereforeBFurthermoreCHoweverDMeanwhile19.AattemptedBtendedCchoseDintended20.AbreakingBclimbingCsurpassingDhittingSectionReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Co

9、rD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderunderthe

10、ageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuita

11、bleforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offd

12、ays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwe

13、reproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefinejournalismasatermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowroteforthe

14、ManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEnglandsforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobeso

15、honored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardusscriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhic

16、hhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2thatAartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.BEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.Chigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.Dyoungreadersdoubtthesuit

17、abilityofcriticismondailies.22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedbyAfreethemes.Bcasualstyle.Celaboratelayout.Dradicalviewpoints.23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?AItiswritersdutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.BItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.CW

18、ritersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.DNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?AHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.BHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.CHisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.DHiswritingsfai

19、ltofollowtheamateurtradition.25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?ANewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysBTheLostHorizoninNewspapersCMournfulDeclineofJournalismDProminentCriticsinMemoryText2Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazonreceivedoneforits“one-clickonline

20、paymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenationstoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-pr

21、opertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.Curbsonbusines

22、s-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniest

23、ryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquest

24、ionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatt

25、hecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourtsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsideritsStateStreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuitsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApr

26、il,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventionsthatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt,saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarous

27、edconcernbecau搜寻引擎优化fAtheirlimitedvaluetobusinesses.Btheirconnectionwithassetallocation.Cthepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting.Dthecontroversyovertheirauthorization.27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?AItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.BItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.CIthasbeendi

28、smissedbytheFederalCircuit.DItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.28.Theword“about-facePara.3mostprobablymeansAlossofgoodwill.Bincrea搜寻引擎优化fhostility.Cchangeofattitude.Denhancementofdignity.29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsAareimmunetolegalchallenges.Bareoftenunnecessarilyi

29、ssued.Clowertheesteemforpatentholders.Dincreasetheincidenceofrisks.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?AAloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.BProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.CAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.DAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.Text3Inhisb

30、ookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthat“socialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesntexplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofi

31、nfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldo

32、mostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicely

33、withtheideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydontseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchersargumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:

34、WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfreywho搜寻引擎优化utsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influenceeventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydontinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenoncelebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedt

35、odrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeople

36、inthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample，thecascadeofchangewontpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,man

37、ipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeoplesabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Theyfoundthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatiscalled“globalcascadesthewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworksisthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.

38、31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendstoAanalyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics.Bdiscussinfluentialsfunctioninspreadingideas.Cexemplifypeoplesintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics.Ddescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheoryAservesasaso

39、lutiontomarketingproblems.Bhashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends.Chaswonsupportfrominfluentials.Drequiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity.33.WhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthatAthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions.Binterpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia.Cinfluentialshavemore

40、channelstoreachthepublic.Dmostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention.34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeopleinparagraph4referstotheoneswhoAstayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence.Bhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence.Careinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers.Dareinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential.35.Whatisthee

41、ssentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?ATheeagernesstobeaccepted.BTheimpulsetoinfluenceothers.CThereadinesstobeinfluenced.DTheinclinationtorelyonothers.Text4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setter

42、s.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,anditsjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunately,bankslobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandar

43、d-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,AmericasFinancialAccountingStandardsBoardFASBrushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefr

44、eedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASBschairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives.Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theu搜寻引擎优化fjudgmentbymanagement.Europeanministersi

45、nstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoardIASBdolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuumbut“in

46、therealworldandthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank

47、ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.Americasnewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlyth