2022年胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 语言学教程重难点学习提示 第一章 语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特点（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语 言的功能（寒暄、指令、供应信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说,人造说,进化说）等；其次章 语言学 语言学定义；讨论语言的四大原就（穷尽、一样、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语 与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言才能与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；一般 语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语 言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类

2、语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、运算语言 学）等；第三章语音学语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等；第四章 音位学 音位理论； 最小对立体； 自由变异； 互补分布； 语音的相像性； 区分性特点； 超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等；第五章 词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）粘着词素（词根,词缀和词干）等；第六章 词汇学；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配；第七章 句法 句法的定义；

3、句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性,数,格） ；一样；短语,从句,句子扩展等；第八章 语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系；第九章 语言变化；里奇的语义分类；词汇意语言的进展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第十章 语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔 的异同；第十一章 语用学-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区分；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为 和言后行为） ；合作原就；1. 语言的普遍特点：名师归

4、纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 任意性 arbitrariness 双层结构 duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性 productivity 移位性 displacement:我们能用语言可以表达很多不在场的东西文化传播性 cultural transmission 2；语言的功能：传达信息功能 informative 人济功能： interpersonal 行事功能： Performative 表情功能： Emotive 寒暄功能： Phatic 消遣功能 recreatinal 元语言功能 metalingual

5、 3. 语言学 linguistics ：包括六个分支语音学 Phonetics 音位学 phonology 外形学 Morphology 句法学 syntax 语义学 semantics 语用学 pragmatics 4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure 提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语 language and parole ,语言之语言系统的整体,言语就只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的详细话语5. 语法创始人： Noam Chomsky 提出概念语言才能与语言运用competence and performance 1. Which

6、of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language: a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both shu and tree to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present d. we can

7、produce sentences that have never been heard before. 2.What is the most important function of language. a. interpersonal b. phatic c. informative d.metallingual 3.The function of the sentence A nice day, isnt it .is _ a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative 4.The distinction between com

8、petence and performance is proposed by _ a saussure b. halliday 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - c. chomsky d. the prague school 5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole. a. saussure b. chomsky c. halliday d anomymous 语音学 其次节1.发音器官由声带 the vocal cords 和三个回

9、声腔组成 2.辅音 consonant： there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract. 3.辅音的发音方式 爆破音 complete obstruction 鼻音 nasals 破裂音 plosives 部分堵塞辅音 partial obstruction 擦音 fricatives 破擦音 affricates 等4.辅音清浊特点 voicing 辅音的送气特点 aspiration 5.元音 vowel 分类标准舌翘位置,舌高和嘴唇的外形6 双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vow

10、el glides 1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies _. a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech b. the perception of sounds c. the combination of sounds d. the production of sounds 2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in _ a. the place of articulation b.the obstru

11、ction f airstream c. the position of the tongue d. the shape of the lips 3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t a. voiceless b. spread c.voiced d.nasal 4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak. a. voicing b. aspiration c.roundness d. nasality 5.Which

12、of the following is not a distinctive feature in English. a. voicing 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - b.nasal c. approximation d. aspiration 6.The phonological features of the consonant k are _ a. voiced stop b. voiceless stop c. voiced fricative d. voiceless fricative 7.p is

13、divverent from k in _ a. the manner of articulation b. the shape of the lips c. the vibration of the vocal cords d.the palce of articualtion 8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in _ a. aspiration b.nasality c. obstruction d. voicing 第三节音位学phonology 1.音位学与语音学的区分：语音学着重于语音的自然属性,主要关注全部语言中人可能发出的全部声音；

14、音位学就强调语音的社会功能,那些语音；2.音位 phoneme：最小语音单位 3.音位变体 allophones:读音差别其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的4.对比性分布：假如两个音段显现在同一个语音环境中,而且产生了两个不同的单词,5.互补性分布；假如两个基本相像的音段绝不会显现在相同的语音环境中,那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系,如送气p 绝不会显现在s 之后,不送气的p 绝不会显现在词首6.音节 syllable,分为节首onset,节峰 peak,节尾 coda 7.辅音群 :一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音,节尾不能超过 4 个 8.最小语音对 minimal pair

15、s I. Introduction 1. What is Language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. What is Linguistics 语言学 Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.Some Basic Distinctions 区分 in Linguistics 3.1 Speech and Writing One general principle 原就 of linguistic an

16、alysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope范畴 and uses that speech does not have. 3.2 Descriptive 描述性 or Prescriptive 说明性 A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct beh

17、avior. 3.3 Synchronic 共时 and Diachronic 历时 Studies The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 3.4 Langue语言 and Parole言语 This is a

18、 distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure 索绪尔） early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized 实际的 language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence才能 and Performance行为 Competence is

19、the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances 发声 . 4. The Scope of Linguistics General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics语音学 is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics

20、 of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology 音韵学 is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology 词法 is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. Syntax句法 is the branch of linguistics

21、which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. Semantics语义学 is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics 应用语言学 is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship betwee

22、n language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. Historical Linguistics 历史语言学 is the study of language changes. Anthropological linguistics人文语言学 uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in rela

23、tion to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics 神经语言学 studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings. Mathematical linguistics 数学语言学 studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics. Computational lin

24、guistics 运算语言学 is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer. II. Phonetics 语音学）1. scope of phonetics Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonet

25、ics发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate和谐）in the process. Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学） we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated调剂）by the ear, the auditory nerve 神经）and the b

26、rain. Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学）we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear. 2. The vocal organs The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream, 气流发生器官）the producer of voice （声音发生器官）and the resonating cavitie

27、s. （声音共振器官）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3. Consonants辅音）Places of articulation 发音部位） : bilabial, 双唇） Labiodentals,（唇齿） dental,（齿） alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈） palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal 声门）Manners of articulation: plosive, （暴破）nasal,（ 鼻音）

28、trill, （颤音） lateral,（边音） fricative,（摩擦）approximant, （近似音）affricate （破擦）4. Vowels 元音）The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising high, mid, low, the position of the highest part of the tonguefront, central, back, and the degree of lip roundingrounded, unrounded III. Phonology （音韵学）1. p

29、honemes音素）： a distinctive 有区分的）sound in a language. 2. Allophones 音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme. 3. Minimal pairs 最小对立体） ： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound. 4. Free variation 自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment 环境） , they d

30、oes not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word. 5. Complementary distribution 补充分类） ： Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment. 6.Suprasegmental phonology 超音段音位）： the study of phonologic

31、al properties 性质） of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable 音节）,stress,（重音）word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音调） and intonation （语调） . IV. Morphology （词法）1. inflection 构 形 法 ）： the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes. 屈折词缀）2. Word-formation 构词）：

32、the processes过程） of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（说明词法关系）They are compound 合成） and derivation 派生） . 3. Morpheme 词素）： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. 4. Allomorph 同质异象变体） ： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternat

33、e shapes or phonetic forms. 5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,词根）affix （词缀）and stem（词干） . 6. Lexicon 语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary. 7. Closed-class words 封闭性） and open-class words开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership

34、 is in principle实际上）indefinite or unlimited. 8. Word class词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes. 9. Lexeme词位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units. 10. Idiom 习语,成语） ： Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is

35、especially true for a sequence of words词序） which is semantically （语义上）and often syntactically 句法上）restricted.（限制）11. Collocation 搭配）： the habitual 习惯的） co-occurrences （同时显现） of individual lexical items. V. Syntax 句法）1. Positional relation or word order（词序）： the sequential次序） arrangement of words in

36、a language. 2. Construction or constituent 句子结构）： the overall process of internal 内部） organization of 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - a grammatical unit . 3. Syntactic function 句法功能）： the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in whic

37、h it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers, 修饰语）complements（补语） , etc. 4. Category 范畴）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun i

38、nclude number, gender, case and countability. 5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause. 6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence. 7. Sentence: It

39、 is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought. VI. Semantics 1. Conceptualism or mentalism 概念主义）： Following F. De Saussure 索学尔） s sign theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier （所指） and signified （被指） , i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychologi

40、cal （心 理的）associative bond. （相关联系）2. Mechanism 机械主义）：Some linguists, Bloomfield, 布鲁费尔德）for example, turned to science to counter（反） -act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach（方法） . The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental ph

41、enomena.（智力现象）3. Contextualism （语境主义） ：It is based on the presumption 假定）that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context. 4. Behaviorism 行为主义）：Behaviorists attempt to define 定义）the meaning of a language form as the situation 情形） in which the speaker utters（说话）it and the response（

42、反应）it calls forth in the hearer. 5. functionalism 功能主义）：functionalists as represented 代表） by the Prague school（布拉格 学派） linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯） linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation（方法） . They argue（争论）that meaning could only be interpreted （说明）from its use or func

43、tion in social life. 6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc., and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. The

44、y include synonymy 同义词）, antonym反义词）,hyponymy 下层次）Polysemy一词多义）and Homonymy 同音异义词）7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1 componential （成分） analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.意义成分） 2 predication 表述） analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not m

45、erely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3 relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms. VII. Language variation 语言变化）1. Lexical change 词汇的变化） ：changes in lexis. 2

46、. Invention: 新造词） new entities. 名师归纳总结 3. Compounding合成词） New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words. 第 7 页,共 8 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4. Blending: 混合词）：It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the