地质构造与土壤分布的关系.pdf
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1、地质构造与土壤分布的关系由于地壳中存在有很大的应力,组成地壳的上部岩层,在地应力的长期作用下就会发生变形,形成构造变动的形迹,我们把构造变动在岩层和岩体中遗留下来的各种构造形迹,称为地质构造。地质构造的规模,有大有小。大的如构造带,可以纵横数千公里,小的则如岩石的片理等。尽管规模大小不同,但它们都是地壳运动造成的永久变形和岩石发生相对位移的踪迹,因而它们在形成、发展和空间分布上,都存在有密切的内部联系。地质构造是地质体或地壳中的岩块受到应力作用造成永久变形的产物。地质体泛指天然的岩石块体,而不论其规模大小、形状、内部结构和成因。地质构造决定着岩层在地面的出露的情况,也决定着大区地形的骨架,因此
2、地质构造与土壤改良有着密切的联系。一一些简单的和典型的基本构造形态如下:1.水平构造和单斜构造大部分沉积岩是在海洋盆地和湖泊盆地中形成的,除陡岸和岛屿边缘的沉积物形成倾斜层理外,海相和湖相沉积岩具有原始水平产状。大面积覆盖的玄武质熔岩和平坦地面上堆积的凝灰岩常具有近水平的产状。这些岩层在平稳的上升运动作用下,仍保持其水平产状,这种构造称为水平构造。水平构造在地貌上表现为,沟谷底部出露老的岩层;顺坡向上岩层逐渐变新;山峰顶为较新的岩层;在不同的沟谷坡上,只要高程相同,出露的岩层必定是同一时代的相当岩层。原来水平的岩层,在受到地壳运动的影响后,产状发生变动,当岩层向同一个方向倾斜,形成单斜构造。单
3、斜构造往往是褶曲的一翼、断层的一盘或者是局部地层不均匀的上升或下降所引起的。2.褶皱构造组成地壳的岩层,受构造应力的强烈作用,使岩层形成一系列波状弯曲而未丧失其连续性的构造,称为褶皱构造。褶皱构造是岩层产生的塑性变形,是地壳表层广泛发育的基本构造之一。褶皱构造中的一个弯曲,称为褶曲。褶曲是褶皱构造的组成单位。褶曲要素:每一个褶曲,都有核部、翼、轴面、轴及枢纽等几个组成部分,一般称为褶曲要素。褶曲的基本形态:是背斜和向斜。背斜的褶曲是岩层向上拱起的弯曲。较老的岩层出现在褶曲的轴部,从轴部向两翼,依次出现的是较新的岩层。向斜的褶曲是岩层向下凹的弯曲。在褶曲轴部出露的是较新的岩层,向两翼依次出露的是
4、较老的岩层。3.倾斜构造岩层层面在较大范围内向同一个方向倾斜、倾向和倾角变化不大(无突变)的构造称为倾斜构造。原始水平产状的岩层受到差异升降运动的改造,原始倾斜岩层被抬升到地表,都可以成为文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2
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6、2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 Z
7、X2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8
8、ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8
9、 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G
10、8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5
11、G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J1Z5N5G8 ZX2B6L4B10J6倾斜构造;巨型褶皱的一翼或大断层的一盘,也可能表现为倾斜构造。倾斜岩层出露地面的表现与水平构造不同。当沟谷走向与岩层走向相交时,从沟口向沟头出露的岩层可能由新到老(岩层向沟口倾斜),也可能由老到新(岩层向沟头倾斜)。此外,最高山峰上出露的不一定是最新的岩层,最低谷底上出露的不一定是最老的岩层。岩层的顶面或底面常保留着成岩过程中的某些标志,如泥裂、波痕、雹痕、残根等。岩层形成以后受到构造运动而变位、变形,若顶面仍然在上,底面在下,层序是下老上新,称为正常层序。当顶面在下,底面在上时
12、,表明岩层倒转了,层序是下新上老,称为倒转层序。二.地质构造与土壤分布的关系地质构造决定岩层的分布,因而决定着土壤的分布,地质构造与土壤分布规律直接相关。在水平岩层地区,土壤分布一般按等高分布的规律;在倾斜岩层地区,需要按岩层产状与地面土壤母质分布的关系来了解土壤的分布规律。不同的岩层往往形成不同的土壤,特别是在基岩出露的地区,地质构造决定着岩层的分布,也在一定程度上决定着土壤类型的分布,如四川盆地丘陵区,褶皱形成的丘陵出露紫色岩的地方,基本上形成的土壤都是紫色土或由紫色土发育而成的水稻土。地质构造引起地表的高低起伏,形成山丘和沟谷,在四川盆地内,文档编码:CM1W4S10Y10K7 HP3J
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