大学物理静电场知识点总结.pdf

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1、大学物理静电场知识点总结1.电荷的基本特征：（1）分类：正电荷（同质子所带电荷），负电荷（同电子所带电荷）（2）量子化特性（3）是相对论性不变量（4）微观粒子所带电荷总是存在一种对称性2 电荷守恒定律：一个与外界没有电荷交换的孤立系统，无论发生什么变化，整个系统的电荷总量必定保持不变。3点电荷：点电荷是一个宏观范围的理想模型，在可忽略带电体自身的线度时才成立。4库仑定律：表示了两个电荷之间的静电相互作用，是电磁学的基本定律之一，是表示真空中两个静止的点电荷之间相互作用的规律121212301214q qFrr5 电场强度：是描述电场状况的最基本的物理量之一，反映了电场的基0FEq6 电场强度的

2、计算：（1）单个点电荷产生的电场强度，可直接利用库仑定律和电场强度的定义来求得（2）带电体产生的电场强度，可以根据电场的叠加原理来求解nii33i100iq11dqErEr44rr（3）具有一定对称性的带电体所产生的电场强度，可以根据高斯定理来求解（4）根据电荷的分布求电势，然后通过电势与电场强度的关系求得电场强度7电场线：是一些虚构线，引入其目的是为了直观形象地表示电场强度的分布（1）电场线是这样的线：a曲线上每点的切线方向与该点的电场强度方向一致b曲线分布的疏密对应着电场强度的强弱，即越密越强，越疏越弱。（2）电场线的性质：a起于正电荷（或无穷远），止于负电荷（或无穷远）。b不闭合，也不在

3、没电荷的地方中断。c两条电场线在没有电荷的地方不会相交8电通量：esEdS（1）电通量是一个抽象的概念，如果把它与电场线联系起来，可以文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M1

4、0I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K

5、7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A

6、4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z

7、3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:

8、CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9

9、V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3把曲面 S 的电通量理解为穿过曲面

10、的电场线的条数。（2）电通量是标量，有正负之分。9 高斯定理：sS01EdSi（里）q（1）定理中的E是由空间所有的电荷（包括高斯面内和面外的电荷）共同产生。（2）任何闭合曲面S 的电通量只决定于该闭合曲面所包围的电荷，而与 S以外的电荷无关10 静电场属于保守力：静电场属于保守力的充分必要条件是，电荷在电场中移动，电场力所做的功只与该电荷的始末位置有关，而与其经历的路径无关。由此可得LEdl011 电势能、电势差和电势：（1）电势能：试探电荷0q在电场强度为E的电场中的 P和 Q两点的电势能差：QPQ0PWWq Edl（2）电势差和电势：a 上 面P点 与Q点 的 电 势 差 可 以 表 示

11、 为QPQPQP0WWVVEdlq文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7

12、ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H

13、6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文

14、档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM

15、10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6

16、A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 H

17、G1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3对应于把电荷从P点移到 Q点电势的降低，地势的降低称为电势降落，也就是经常使用的电压的概念。b电势差具有绝对意义，完全有电场自身的性质

18、所决定，而电场中一点的电势只有相对意义，即相对于电势零点而言的。理论上，若电荷分布在有限空间内，可选择无限远处为电势零点。则电场中任一点P的电势可以表示为PPPVVVEdl12 等势面：（1）电场中电势相等的点连成的曲面，就是等势面。它形象地表示了电场中电势的分布。（2）等势面的性质：a电荷沿等势面移动，电场力不作功；b等势面与电场线处处正交。13 电势与电场强度的关系：lVEl和VVVE(ijk)Vxyz上式的负号说明电场强度与电势梯度的方向相反。14金属导体的静电平衡：文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 H

19、G1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I

20、6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7

21、ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H

22、6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文

23、档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM

24、10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6

25、A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3导体中自由电荷没有定向运动的状态，称为静电平衡。此时导体具有下列性质：（1）整个导体是等势体，导体的表面是等势面（2）导体表面附近的电场强度处处与表面垂直（3）导体内部不存在净电荷，所有过剩电荷都分布在导体表面上15 导体表面的电荷和电场：（1）对于孤立导体，表面凸出且曲率较大处，电荷密度

26、较大；表面平坦处电荷面密度较小；表面凹进处，电荷面密度更小，甚至为零。（2）导体表面附近的电场强度与该处面电荷密度有关。16 导体空腔：导体空腔有如下性质：（1）若空腔内无电荷，则空腔表面上不存在净电荷，所有净电荷只分布在外表面；若腔内放置电荷，则腔内表面上存在与腔内电荷等量异号的净电荷；（2）若腔内无电荷，则腔内无电场；若腔内放置电荷，并将空腔导体接地，则腔外空间不受腔内电场的影响。文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M

27、10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7

28、K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9

29、A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8

30、Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码

31、:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I

32、9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S

33、6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z317 导体静电平衡性质的应用：（1）尖端放电现象的物理实质：是尖端处的强电场致使附近的空气分子电离，电离所产生的带电粒子在电场的作用下急剧运动和相互碰撞，碰撞又使更多的空气分子电离。（2）静电屏蔽：使导体空腔内部空间不受腔外电荷和电场的影响，或将导体空腔接地，使腔外空间免受腔内电荷电场影响。18 电容和电容的计算：(1)孤立导体的电容QCV (2)电容器AABQCVV (3)电

34、容的计算：a先假设两个极板分别带有+Q和-Q 的电量，计算极板间电场强度的分布，在一般情况下都可以计算高斯定理计算；b根据极板间电场强度的分布，求出两极板的电势差 c将极板电量和两极板电势差带入电容器电容的定义式，计算电容。19 电介质的极化：电介质的表面或体内出现宏观电荷的现象（1）各向同性的电介质中，极化强度P与电场强度E之间有0ePE文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编

35、码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10

36、I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5

37、S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1

38、M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O

39、7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF

40、9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W

41、8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3（2）极化电荷与自由电荷的区别：由于电介质极化而出现在电介质表面上的宏观电荷，就是极化电荷；在外电场的作用下可以自由运动的宏观电荷，称为自由电荷a极化电荷是束缚电荷的宏观表现，是束缚在晶格上的分子中的电子作微小位移，或整个分子作微小旋转所引起的，他的活动范围不能超出分子的线度；而自由电荷是由于原子或分子的电离或金属中的自由电子重新分布引起的，它的活动范围是整个物体，也可以在不同物体之间；b极化电荷不能转移到其它物体，而自由

42、电荷可以；c极化电荷可以吸附导体中的自由电荷，但不能被中和，而自由电荷可以被中和。20 极化强度与极化电荷的关系：（1）极 化 强 度P与 极 化 电 荷 面 密 度 的 关 系 为nPPn（2）极化强度和极化电荷的关系里iSSPdSq对于各向同性的电介质，有e0PE，此处E等于外加电场0E与极化电荷产生的附加电场强度E的矢量和。21 电介质存在时的高斯定理：oiSiD dSq文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6

43、O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 Z

44、F9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6

45、W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档

46、编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM1

47、0I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A

48、5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG

49、1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3其中电位移矢量D：00e0rDEP(1)EEE此式只适用于各向同性的电介质。22 边界条件：（1）用高斯定理可以得到在两种电介质的界面附近电位移矢量的法向分量连续，即1n2nDD（2）用静电场的环路定理可以得到在两种电介质的界面附近电场强度矢量的切向分量连续，即1t2tEE10 静电场的能量：(1)电容器的储能22e111 QWQUCU222 C(2)电场能量密度e和电场能量eW的一般

50、表示e1wDE2，ee1WwdD Ed2文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7K7 ZF9A4H6W8Z3文档编码:CM10I9V6A5S6 HG1M10I6O7