2022年7版生理学知识点总结 .pdf

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1、简述血液的功能1）运输功能（基本功能），血液可将氧气以及从肠道吸收的营养物质运送到各器官、细胞，同时将细胞代谢产生的二氧化碳和各种代谢产物通过肺、肾脏等排泄器官排出体外。2）缓冲功能，血液含有的多种缓冲物质可随时缓冲进入血液的酸性或碱性物质，维持内环境的稳定。3）血液中大量水分还有较高的比热，有利于体温恒定。4）防御保护功能，血液可参与机体的生理性止血，抵抗细菌、病毒等微生物引起的感染和各种免疫反应。简述 EPO 促进红细胞生成的作用及其调节机理促红细胞生成素主要促进晚期红系祖细胞的增值，并向原红细胞分化：同时还可加速幼红细胞的增值和血红蛋白的合成，促进网织红细胞的成熟与释放。EPO 主要在肾

2、脏合成，生理情况下，进入血液中的EPO 可维持正常的红细胞生成。血液中 EPO 的水平与血液血红蛋白的浓度呈负相关，即贫血时体内的EPO 会出现一定量的增高来促进红细胞的合成，而红细胞增高时EPO 的水平则出现下降以减少红细胞的生成。这种负反馈调节机制有利于维持血液中红细胞数量的相对稳定。3，血液中有哪儿些抗凝因素？它们如何发挥作用？1）血管内皮的抗凝作用：血管内皮作为以物质屏障可防止血液中的凝血因子、血小板与血管内皮下成分接触，从而避免凝血系统的激活。血管内皮同时可合成、释放多种活性物质，通过多种途径起到抗凝作用。2）纤维蛋白可吸附凝血酶阻碍凝血的发生，同时活化的凝血因子可被血流稀释及单核巨

3、噬细胞吞噬，最终起到抗凝作用。3）生理性抗凝物质：丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制物蛋白质 C 系统组织因子途径抑制物肝素心肌收缩有哪些特点？1）同步收缩（全或无式收缩）2）不发生强直收缩3）对细胞外液Ca2+的依赖性影响静脉回流的因素1）循环系统平均充盈压2）心肌收缩力量3）体位改变4）骨骼肌的挤压作用5）呼吸运动影响动脉血压的因素1）每搏输出量2）心率3）外周阻力4）大动脉管壁弹性5）循环血量与血管容积的关系文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8

4、J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2

5、文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8

6、J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2

7、文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8

8、J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2

9、文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8

10、J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2影响心输出量的因素和机制心输出量等于搏出量与心率的乘积，因此凡能影响搏出量和心率的因素均可影响新输出量。而搏出量的多少则取决于前负荷、后负荷和心肌收缩能力。1）前负荷心室的前负荷取决于心室舒张末期充盈的血液量，心室舒张末期充盈的血液量主要由静脉回心血量决定，因此静脉回心血量是决定前负荷的主要因素。在一定范围内，静脉回心血量增加，心室舒张末期充盈量增加，则搏出量增多；反之减少。2）后负荷大动脉血压是心室收缩时所遇到的后负荷。大动脉血压升高，心室射血阻力增加，射血期可由等容收缩期延长而缩短，射血速度减慢，搏出量减少。由于心室内剩余血量增加，静脉回流若不变，心

11、肌初长度由心室舒张末期充盈量增加而加长，进而使心肌收缩力增强。3）心肌收缩能力与心肌前负荷和后负荷改变无关，仅以心肌细胞本身收缩活动的强度和速度改变而增加收缩力的调节。如交感神经活动增强、血中儿茶酚胺浓度升高均能增强心肌收缩力，搏出量增加；而乙酰胆碱、缺氧、酸中毒等使心肌收缩力减弱，搏出量减少。4）心率在一定范围内（40 次 180 次/min），心率加快可使心输出量增加。心率超过180 次/min 时，由于心室舒张期过短，心室充盈量不足，搏出量减少，使心输出量减少。心率在 40 次/min 一下时，由于心室充盈近于极限，延长心室舒张期也不能提高充盈量，也使心输出量减少。文档编码:CQ8K3L

12、8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV

13、4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L

14、8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV

15、4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L

16、8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV

17、4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L

18、8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2何谓肺扩张反射？有何意义？肺扩张反射是肺扩张时抑制吸气运动的反射。感受器位于从气管到细支气管的平滑肌中，是牵张感受器，其阈值低，适应慢。肺扩张时，牵拉呼吸道，使呼吸道扩张，于是牵张感受器受到刺激，其传入神经为有髓鞘纤维，传入冲动沿迷走神经进入延髓，在延髓内通过一定的神经联系，促使吸气转为呼气。生理意义在于加速吸气过程向呼气过程的转换，使呼吸频率增加。在动物实验中，切断两侧颈迷走神

19、经后，动物吸气过程延长，吸气加深，呼吸变得深而慢。缺 O2和 CO2增多对呼吸影响的主要机制缺 O2作用于外周感受器（颈动脉体和主动脉体感受器），反射性地使呼吸中枢兴奋，呼吸增强。中枢化学感受器不接受缺O2的刺激，其在缺O2时轻度抑制，而不是兴奋。外周感受器虽然接受缺O2的成绩，但是阈值很高，O2必须降到80mmHg 以下时才出现肺通气的可觉察变化。所以在生理条件下，海拔高时的缺O2并不引起呼吸变化。CO2增多对中枢和外周化学感受器都有刺激作用，但中枢化学感受器对CO2的敏感性更高。CO2分压升高3mmHg 时，中枢化学感受器即发挥作用，而外周化学感受器则在CO2分压比正常高10mmHg 时才

20、发挥作用。所以CO2增多引起的呼吸增强主要是通过延髓的中枢化学感受器而引起的。不过，因为中枢化学感受器的反应较慢，所以当动脉血CO2分压突然增高时，外周化学感受器在引起快速呼吸反应中可起主要作用。另外，当中枢化学感受器受到抑制，对 CO2的敏感性降低或产生适应后，外周化学感受器的作用就显得很重要。文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV

21、4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L

22、8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV

23、4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L

24、8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV

25、4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L

26、8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2影响气体交换的因素有哪儿些？1，气体分压差2，气体在液体中的溶

27、解度3，气体的分子量4，呼吸膜的通透性和厚度5，呼吸膜的面积6，通气/血流比值的影响7，温度气体的扩散速率与气体分子量的平方根和膜的厚度成反比，而与分压差、溶解度、膜的通透性和面积、温度成正比，通气/血流比值必须适当。在生理情况下，气体方面的因素是主要的影响因素，在这些因素中，溶解度和分子量是不变的常数，变化只体现在分压差上。分压差增加和减少直接影响气体交换量的多少。在病理情况下，呼吸膜方面的因素是主要影响因素。大叶性肺炎时，患者的肺叶失去气体交换能力，这等于呼吸膜的面积减少。肺水肿时，呼吸膜的厚度增大，通透性减小。肺心病时，通气/血流比值变得不适当，都使气体交换量减少。胃排空受哪儿些因素的控

28、制？正常情况下，为什么胃排空能与小肠内的消化相适应？胃排空的速度受来自胃和十二指肠两方面因素的控制，已后者的作用更为重要。1，胃内容物促进胃排空胃内促进胃排空的因素是胃内容物。胃内容物的容量和胃排空速度呈线性关系。胃内容物扩张胃壁的机械刺激通过迷走迷走神经反射和壁内神经丛反射使胃运动增强，胃排空加快。胃内容物，主要是蛋白质消化产物，可引起促胃液素释放，后者能增强胃体和胃窦的收缩，但由于它同时也增强幽门括约肌的收缩，所以其净作用不是促进而是延缓排空。2，十二指肠内容物抑制胃排空食糜中的盐酸、脂肪及蛋白质消化产物、高渗溶液以及机械性扩张，通过胃肠反射和刺激小肠上段粘膜释放缩胆囊素、促胃液素、促胰液

29、素、抑胃肽等，可抑制胃排空。当进入十二指肠的酸性食糜被中和，渗透压降低以及食物的西哦啊话产物被吸收后，对胃运动的抑制性影响被消除，胃运动又增强，于是胃又推送一部分食糜进入十二指肠。可见，胃的排空是间断性的，而且与上段小肠的消化、吸收过程相适应。盐酸的生理作用1，可将无活性的胃蛋白酶原激活胃有活性的胃蛋白酶，并为其发挥分解蛋白质的作用提供合适的酸性环境。2，可促进食物中的蛋白质变性，使之易于被消化。文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8

30、J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2

31、文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8

32、J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2

33、文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8

34、J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2

35、文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8

36、J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J23，可杀灭随食物进入胃内的细菌。4，可与 Ca2+和 Fe2+结合，形成可溶性盐，从而促进它们在小肠内的吸收。5，进入十二指肠后，可促进促胰液素、缩胆囊素的释放，进而促进胰液、胆汁和小肠液的分泌。可兴奋细胞及其兴奋性绝对不应期相对不应期超常期低常期兴奋性等于 0 逐渐恢复轻度高于正常轻度低于正常阈值无穷大刺激强度原阈强度刺激强度稍原阈强度刺激强度稍原阈强度持续时间对应关系相对于动作电位的锋电位相当于动作电位的负后电位前期相当于动作电位的负后电位后期相当于动作电位的正后电位生理机制Na+通道完全失活后不能立即再次被激活部分Na+通道开始恢复Na+通道大部分

37、回复而膜电位靠近阈电位钠泵活动加强，使 膜 电 位 值 加大，膜电位与阈电位的距离加大心肌细胞兴奋性的周期性变化绝对不应期局部反应期相对不应期超常期代号ARP LRP RRP SNP 电位区间动作电位无论任何刺激，强刺激可引起局部去给予阈刺激，心肌给予阈下刺激，文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K

38、3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3

39、ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K

40、3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3

41、ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K

42、3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3

43、ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2心肌都不能产生动作电位极化反应，不能产生动作电位不 能 产 生 动 作 电位；给予阈上刺激，可能产

44、生动作电位心肌也能产生动作电位兴奋性0 极低低于正常大于正常发生机制Na+通道全部失活Na+通道少量复活部分 Na+通道复活，但仍未达到静息电位水平Na+通道已经复活到静息状体膜电位绝对值很小绝对值小绝对值大于ERP 时的膜电位，小于静息电位膜电位绝对值稍小于静息电位胃的内、外分泌功能分泌腺或细胞分布功能外分泌贲门腺胃和食管连接处黏液细胞分泌稀薄的碱性黏液泌酸腺胃底、胃体壁细胞分泌盐酸和内因子主细胞分泌胃蛋白酶原，黏液颈细胞分泌黏液幽门腺幽门部分泌碱性黏液上皮细胞胃的所有区域分泌黏稠黏液内分泌G 细胞胃窦部分泌胃泌素和ACTH 样物质D 细胞胃底、胃体和胃窦分泌生长抑素肠嗜铬样细胞胃泌酸区黏膜

45、内合成和释放组胺消化期胃液分泌的调节头期胃液分泌胃期胃液分泌肠期胃液分泌分泌量占整个消化期的30%占整个消化期的60%占整个消化期的10%胃液特点酸度很高，胃蛋白酶原含量很高酸度高，胃蛋白酶原含量低酸度低，胃蛋白酶原含量低消化能力很强比头期弱很弱文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2

46、HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B

47、4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2

48、HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B

49、4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2

50、HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B4J2文档编码:CQ8K3L8V1V2 HE8J1N2X7T3 ZV4V8Y1B