2022年2019年中考化学考点归纳与点拨 .pdf

《2022年2019年中考化学考点归纳与点拨 .pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年2019年中考化学考点归纳与点拨 .pdf（15页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、1 化学中考考点归纳考点 1：物质的变化、性质、反应类型(1)判别物理变化还是化学变化的依据是：有无新物质生成。发光、放热、爆炸既可能是化学变化也可能是物理变化。(2)物质的色、态、味、熔点、沸点、硬度、密度、溶解度属于物理性质，在化学变化中才体现出来的性质属于化学性质(如可燃性、氧化性、还原性、酸碱性等)。(3)四种基本反应类型是：化合(A+BAB)、分解(ABA+B)、置换(C+AB AC+B)、复分解(AB+CD AD+CB)氧化还原反应中有关概念的关系得氧氧化还原剂(C、CO、H2等)；失氧还原氧化剂(02、CuO、Fe203等)。考点 2：空气的成分、应用、污染和防治 (1)空气成分

2、及体积分数：N278 022l、稀有气体0.94、C02 0.03 其他杂质气体0.03 (2)应用：氧气(供给呼吸、支持燃烧)、氮气(作保护气等)、稀有气体(作保护气或电光源来产生各种色光，如氖气一一红色光)(3)污染大气的物质是可吸入颗粒(如沙尘)和有害气体(主要是 CO、N02、S02)，大气污染引发三大环境问题一一温室效应(C02，但 C02不是大气污染物)、酸雨(S02)、臭气空洞(氟氯代烃，即氟里昂)(4)三大化石燃料一一天然气、石油、煤(燃烧都会产生C02，石油在驱动汽车、飞机时尾气中有氮氧化物，煤燃烧会产生S02)。氢气是最理想的燃料(取之于水来源丰富、等量燃烧放出热量最大、燃

3、烧产物是水没有污染)但现有技术条件下成本较大。改善能源结构(如开发氢能源、用酒精代替汽油、西气东输用天然气代替煤气等)、控制有害气体的排放等能有效防治气体污染。考点 3：氧气的性质、制法、用途 (1)无色无味气体、不易溶于水，降温可变为淡蓝色液体，甚至变为淡蓝色雪化状同体，氧气通常贮存在蓝色钢瓶中。化学性质见下表。物质主要现象化学方程式碳 剧烈燃烧、发出自光、放热、生成无色无味能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体 C+O2点燃 CO2硫 发出蓝紫色火焰；空气中淡蓝色火焰、放热、生成无色有刺激性气味的气体 S+O2点燃SO2磷 发出自光、放热、生成自烟 4P+5O2点燃2P2O5铁 剧烈燃烧、火星四射、放

4、热、生成黑色固体 3Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O4铝 剧烈燃烧、发出耀眼白光、放出大量的热、生成白色固体 4Al+3O2点燃2Al2O32 镁 剧烈燃烧、发出耀眼白光、放出大量的热、生成白色固体(空气中即可燃烧)2Mg+O2点燃2MgO(2)实验室两种制法：2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2(固固加热型)(组、检、装、夹、点、收、移、熄)2H2O2 H2O+O2 (固液不加热型)(Mn02作催化剂“一变两不变”)可用排水法(不易溶于水)或向上捧空气法(密度比空气大，3229)收集工业上用分离液态空气的方法得到氧气(氧气的沸点比氮气高物理变化)。(3)用途：供给呼吸、支持燃烧考点 4：燃烧、缓

5、慢氧化、自燃和爆炸燃烧一一即剧烈氧化(在有限空间内的急速燃烧会引起爆炸)氧化缓慢氧化(可能引发自燃)燃烧三条件(缺一不可)一一可燃物、助燃物(通常为氧气)、达到着火点灭火只需去掉一个条件(三缺一)即可。要记住一些消防安全标志。考点 5：物质的组成与构成，原子核外电子排布(1)宏观上，物质由元素组成(可由一种元素组成单质，也可由多种元素组成化合物)。元素是核电荷数相同(即质子数相同)、中子数不同的一类原子的总称。核电荷数决定元素的种类。(2)原子中有：原子序数=核电荷数=质子数=核外电子数：相对原子质量质子数+中子数 (3)核外电子分层排布规律：第一层最多只能排2 个电子：第二层最多只能排8 个

6、电子：最外不能超过8 个电子。【要求会书写1-18 号元素的原子(离子)结构示意图】(4)元素的化学性质、种别主要决定于原子的最外层电子数，关系如下：最外层电子敛元素的性质(原子的性质与元素的化合价)元素的种别少于 4 个原子易失去电子形成阳离子所带正电荷数：最外层电子数金属元素等于 4 个不容易得电子，也不容易失电子 C、Si 等多于 4 个少于 8 个原子易得到电子形成阴离子所带负电荷数=(8-最外层电子数)非金属元素等于 8 个稳定结构稀有气体元素一般地，原子的最外层电子数相同化学性质相似。但有例外，如He与 Mg。(5)微观上，物质由原子、分子或离子构成。物质构成的规律如下：物质类型构

7、成物质的徽粒实例金属、极少数非金属单质及其化合物原子 Mg、Hg、(C、Si、SiO2)等绝大多数非金属单质及其化合物分子 N2、02、H2、Cl2、H20、HCl、NH3、CO2、H2SO4文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C

8、7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1

9、K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9

10、N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C

11、9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4

12、X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7

13、Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C73 等金属与非金属形成的化合物离子 NaCl、MgCl2、KCl、Na2

14、S、NaOH 等若某物质是由分子(原子)构成的，那么分子(原子)是保持该物质化学性质的最小微粒：化学变化的本质是分子分裂成原子原子不再分裂原子之间重新组合成新的分子，因而原子是化学变化中的最小微粒(化学变化：宏观上物质种类变、元素不变：微观上分子种类变、原子不变)。考点 6：化学用语的正确书写及其意义(J)元素符号：书写“一大二小”：两(或三)重意义一一元素、一个原子(还可能表示某种单质)。(2)化学式：书写单质一一金属、固态非金属、稀有气体用元素符号表示(他们的化学式与元素符号相同)化合物一一要借助化合价来书写，“左正右负、标价交叉、化简检验”(或用最小公倍数法)常见化合价口决：“一价钾钠氯

15、氢银、二价氧钙钡镁锌、三铝四硅五价磷、二三铁、二四碳、铜汞二价最常见，单质一律为零价”“负一氢氧硝酸根、负二硫酸碳酸根、还有负三磷酸根、只有正一是铵根”注意：离子与化合价的表示方法有“一同”(数值相同)“两不同”(位置不同、数值及正负号顺序不同)。意义：有三重或四重意义一一宏观物质与宏观组成、微观粒子与微观构成。(由分子构成的物质其化学式有四重意义，其它情况只有三种意义)归纳：元素符号各方位数字的意义书写“一写、二配、三等、四注”；有“质”(反应物、反应条件、生成物)考点 7：物质的分类混合物（多种成分）：如空气、溶液、合金等元素符号电荷数及正负号一个微粒中原子的个数化合价所表达的微粒的个数文

16、档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K1

17、0R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5

18、S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C

19、7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1

20、K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9

21、N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C

22、9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C74 金属单质物质单质（一种元素）非金属单质纯净物（一种成分）氧化物、酸、碱、盐化合物（多种元素）有机物考点 8：水及水资源的利用(1)根据电解产物的体积比及质量守恒定律可知推知水的组成及其分子构成水的化学性质水的化学性质化学方程式水的电解 2H2O 2H2+O2 与

23、某些非金属氧化物反应 C02+H20=H2C03与某些金属氧化物反应 CaO+H20=Ca(OH)2(2)水的净化处理：从天然水得到自来水絮凝剂(如明矾)吸附沉淀过滤(一贴、二低、三靠)活性炭吸附杀菌消毒从自来水得到纯净水蒸馏(原理：自来水水蒸气纯净水；注意：温度计的水银球位置及冷凝水的流向)(3)硬水与软水含可溶性钙镁化合物较多的水叫硬水不含或含较少可溶性钙镁化合物的水叫软水。可用肥皂水鉴别硬水(浮渣多、泡沫少)和软水(浮渣少、泡沫多)通过煮沸(生活中)或蒸馏等方法可以将水中可溶性钙镁化合物浓度降低(即软化)。(4)水资源的污染与防治水体的三大污染源：工业三废(气、渣、水)、农药与化肥、生活

24、污水合理利用水资源：节约用水、防止水体污染治理水污染：对生活污水进行集中处理；对工业废水，要求工厂经处理达标后排放。考点 9：有关化学计算文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N

25、5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9

26、C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X

27、1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y

28、9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2

29、C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A

30、4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C75(1)化学式的计算：元素种类、一个分子中的原子总数、相对分子质量、各种元素的质量比、某元素的质量分数 (2)化学方程式的计算

31、：利用质量守恒进行有关计算(质量、推未知物的化学式)，根据化学方程式隐含的质量比进行相关计算。【设(设未知数)、写(写方程式)、列(列关系量)、解(解未知数)、答(简明作答)】代入化学方程式计算的量以及由化学方程式计算出来的量都是纯物质的量含杂物质参与反应或生成含杂物质时要通过乘以纯度转化成纯物质的量。溶液参与反应的实质是溶质参与反应。应由溶液的质量乘以溶质的质量分数求出溶质的质量后方可代入计算。(3)溶液的计算：(见溶液部分)考点 10：科学探究的一般过程(8 个基本要素)实验探究中要注意：科学取样(取样要有代表性)、对比实验(通过鲜明对比直观地说明问题)、定量实验(定性问题定量化增强说服力

32、)、多次实验(重复实验以得出同样结果、系列实验以得出相关规律，以增强结果的可信度)。实验过程要注意条件控制。树立正确的科学价值观，科学是把双刃剑往往让人喜忧参半，要正面评价科学的作用，不可因噎废食，而要趋利避害。开放性试题有知识型、社会型、科学素养型三类，它的答案不是唯一的，只要合理就可得分。知识型问题(如固液作用产生气体的反应)宜采取章节搜索的办法找到切题的答案；社会型问题(如环保、能源、)要展开想象的翅膀、大胆回答：科学素养型问题(如谈完成某一探究实验受到的启示)可从猜想要有依据、探究可用多组对比、判断要有依据，科学研究要大胆猜想、勤于思考、严密设计、团结协作、勇于创新等方面进行回答。猜想

33、与假设提出问题制定计划进行实验反思与评价搜集证据解释与结论表达与交流文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA

34、3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7

35、U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:

36、CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7

37、HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 Z

38、E7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编

39、码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C76 考点 11：碳及其化合物(1)几种碳单质的物性及用途金刚石、石墨：结构不同(都由碳原子构成，但碳原子的排列方式不同)决定物性不同(颜色、硬度、导电性不同)：物性不同决定用途不同(金刚石作钻石、

40、钻头、刻刀；石墨作铅笔芯、润滑剂、电极)。C60：该物质由C60分子构成每个C60分子由 60 个碳原子构成，C60分子形似足球。木炭、活性炭：都有强吸附性，能吸附色素(如脱色)和异昧(如除臭)。焦炭：用于冶炼金属。炭黑：用作橡胶填料，可增强橡胶的耐磨性。(2)两大气体的（O2和 CO2）的制取比较实验室制取氧气实验室制取二氧化碳原理2KMn04 K2Mn()4+MnO2+O22H2O2 2H2O+O2 CaC03+2HCl=CaCl2+CO2+H20 气体发生装置固固加热型(见下图)固液不加热型(与 C02同)固液不加热型收集装置排水法或向上排空气法向上排空气法实验装置检验方法使带火星的木条

41、复燃使澄清石荻水变浑浊注意点步骤为“组、检，装、夹、点、收、移、熄”；试管口要略向下倾斜；试管口放一团棉花；排水法。气泡连续均匀时方可收集；排空气法。带火星木条放瓶口复燃为满；捧水法瓶口有气泡冒出为满；防倒流。步骤为“组、检、装(先固后液)、收”；用石灰石不用碳酸钠(石灰石反应速率适中)、用稀盐酸不用硫酸(CaSO4微溶，覆盖在石灰石表面使反应停止)和浓盐酸(易挥发使C02不纯)：用长颈漏斗时，漏斗最下端要插入液面下；把燃着的木条放集气瓶口火焰熄灭说明气已集满。附：氢气的性质与实验室制法文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K

42、10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N

43、5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9

44、C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X

45、1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y

46、9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2

47、C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A

48、4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C77 无色无味、难溶于水的最轻气体。具有可燃性、还原性。2H2+02 2H20(可燃性)CuO+H2 Cu+H20(还原性)实验室制法：Zn+H2S04(稀)=ZnS04+H2 Zn+2HCl(稀)=ZnCl2+H2(固液不加热型)(3)可用排水法或向下排空气法收集物质C02CO 物性无色、无味、能溶于水的气体无色、无味、难溶于水的剧毒气体化性 C02+Ca(OH)2=C

49、aC03+H20 C02+H20=H2C03 2CO+02 2C02 CO+CuO Cu+C02 3C0+Fe203 2Fe+3C02用途光合作用、气体肥料、灭火、化工原料等作为燃料、冶炼金属危害温室效应中毒(4)C、CO、H2都有可燃性和还原性物质可燃性还原性C C+02 C02 2C+02 2CO C+2CuO 2Cu+C02CO 2CO+02 2C02 CO+CuO Cu+C023C0+Fe2032Fe+3C02H2 2H2+02 2H20 H2+CuO Cu+H20 注意：操作步骤为通气一加热一冷却一停气：要除去尾气中的CO，以防污染空气。考点 12：燃烧与灭火燃料与能源 (1)燃烧要

50、同时有可燃物、助燃物(通常为 02)、达到着火点，灭火只需三者缺一。(2)灭火器的选择：棉布、木材一泡沫；油、气一干粉；图书、档案资料一 C02。文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P7Y9N5S2 ZE7U1F2C9C7文档编码:CF2A4X1K10R7 HA3P