2022年2022年高考物理三轮冲刺必背知识点归纳总结与汇编：专题必背11近代物理 .pdf

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1、专题必背 11 近代物理【必背知识点】一、原子结构模型项目内容汤姆生模型实验基础,电子的发现内容:原子是一个球体,正电荷均匀分布在整个球内,电子像枣糕里的枣子样镶嵌在原子里面核式结构实验基础：粒子散射实验内容:(1)原子的中心有一个很小的核,它集中了全部正电荷和几乎所有质量;(2)电子绕核运动玻尔模型轨道量子化:核外电子只能在一些分立的轨道上运动,rnn2r1(n1、2、3)能量量子化:原子只能处于一系列不连续的能量状态中,En1n2E1(n1、2、3)跃迁:原子从一个定态跃迁至另一个定态时辐射或吸收能量,hEmEn特别提醒:(1)原子的跃过条件:hE初E终只适用于光子和原子作用而使原子在各定

2、态之间跃迁的情况(2)至于实物粒子和原子碰撞情况,由于实物粒子的动能可全部或部分地被原子吸收,所以只要入射粒子的动能大于或等于原子某两定态能量之差,也可以使原子受激发而向较高能级跃迁.二、原子核的变化1几种变化方式的比较项目内容衰变 衰变:放出 粒子,是速度约为 0.1c 的氦核,贯穿本领最弱,电离作用最强 衰变:放出 粒子,是速度约为 0.99c 的电子,贯穿本领较强,电离作用较弱衰变 衰变：放出 光子，贯穿本领最强，电离作用最弱规律：经一个半衰期质量减半，mm0(12)t/文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3

3、HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5

4、Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J

5、1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C

6、5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q

7、2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:

8、CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P

9、5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2重核裂变原料:铀235 92U,用慢中子打击时发生链式反应反应条件:(1)铀浓度足够大；(2)体积大于临界体积轻核聚变反应方程:21H31H42He10n反应条件:温度达到几百万度2.各种放射线性质的比较3.三种射线在电磁场中的偏转情况比较图 131文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 H

10、E10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z

11、10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1

12、 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5

13、J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2

14、文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:C

15、Z1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5

16、W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2如图 131 所示，在匀强磁场和匀强电场中都是 比 的偏转大，不偏转；区别是：在磁场中偏转轨迹是圆弧，在电场中偏转轨迹是抛物线如图131 丙图中 肯定打在 O 点；如果 也打在 O 点，则 必打在 O 点

17、下方；如果 也打在 O点，则 必打在O 点下方三、核力与质能方程的理解1核力的特点(1)核力是强相互作用的一种表现，在它的作用范围内，核力远大于库仑力(2)核力是短程力,作用范围在 1.51015 m 之内.(3)每个核子只跟相邻的核子发生核力作用,这种性质称为核力的饱和性.2质能方程 Emc2的理解(1)质量数与质量是两个不同的概念.核反应中质量数、电荷数都守恒,但核反应中依然有质量亏损.(2)核反应中的质量亏损,并不是这部分质量消失或质量转化为能量,质量亏损也不是核子个数的减少,核反应中核子的个数是不变的.(3)质量亏损不是否定了质量守恒定律，生成的 射线虽然静质量为零，但动质量不为零，且

18、亏损的质量以能量的形式辐射出去文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO

19、1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D

20、4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编

21、码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I

22、1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S

23、3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10

24、I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2特别提醒：在核反应中，电荷数守恒，质量数守恒，质量不守恒，核反应中核能的大小取决于质量亏损的多少，即Emc2.文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6

25、S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE1

26、0I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10

27、Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 Z

28、O1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3

29、D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档

30、编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2文档编码:CZ1I1P5W6S3 HE10I5Z10Y1J1 ZO1C5J3D4Q2