华中师范大学物理学专业英语.docx

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1、华中师范大学物理学院物理学专业英语仅供内部学习参考！2021一、课程任务和教学目通过学习物理学专业英语，学生将掌握物理学领域使用频率较高专业词汇和表达方法，进而具备根本阅读理解物理学专业文献能力。通过分析物理学专业英语课程教材中范文，学生还将从英语角度理解物理学中个学科研究内容和主要思想，提高学生专业英语能力和了解物理学研究前沿能力。培养专业英语阅读能力，了解科技英语特点，提高专业外语阅读质量和阅读速度；掌握一定量本专业英文词汇，根本到达能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料阅读；到达一定笔译水平。要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。二、课程内容课程内容包括以下章节：物理学、经典

2、力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论三、根本要求1. 充分利用课内时间保证充足阅读量约12001500词/学时，要求正确理解原文。2. 泛读适量课外相关英文读物，要求根本理解原文主要内容。3. 掌握根本专业词汇不少于200词。4. 应具有流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献，并能简单地进展写作能力。四、参考书 目 录1 Physics 物理学1Introduction to physics1Classical and modern physics2Research fields4Vocabulary72 Classical mechanics 经典力学10Intro

3、duction10Description of classical mechanics10Momentum and collisions14Angular momentum15Vocabulary163 Thermodynamics 热力学18Introduction18Laws of thermodynamics21System models22Thermodynamic processes27Scope of thermodynamics29Vocabulary304 Electromagnetism 电磁学33Introduction33Electrostatics33Magnetost

4、atics35Electromagnetic induction40Vocabulary435 Optics 光学45Introduction45Geometrical optics45Physical optics47Polarization50Vocabulary516 Atomic physics 原子物理52Introduction52Electronic configuration52Excitation and ionization56Vocabulary597 Statistical mechanics 统计力学60Overview60Fundamentals60Statisti

5、cal ensembles63Vocabulary658 Quantum mechanics 量子力学67Introduction67Mathematical formulations68Quantization71Wave-particle duality72Quantum entanglement75Vocabulary779 Special relativity 狭义相对论79Introduction79Relativity of simultaneity80Lorentz transformations80Time dilation and length contraction81Ma

6、ss-energy equivalence82Relativistic energy-momentum relation86Vocabulary89正文标记说明：蓝色Arial字体例如 energy：专业词汇蓝色Arial字体加下划线例如electromagnetism：新学专业词汇黑色Times New Roman字体加下划线例如postulate：新学普通词汇1 Physics 物理学Introduction to physics Physics is a part of natural philosophy and a natural science that involves the

7、study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its

8、 inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Ph

9、ysics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mat

10、hematics and philosophy.Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatical

11、ly transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.Core theoriesThough physics deals with a wide variety of

12、systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of nature (within a certain domain of validity).For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, pro

13、vided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research, and a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical

14、 mechanics by Isaac Newton (16421727) 【艾萨克牛顿】.These central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and

15、 statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.Classical and modern physicsClassical mechanicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th centuryclassical mechanics, acoustics, optics, therm

16、odynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the fo

17、rces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics (known together as continuum mechanics), the latter including such branches as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, and pneumatics. Acoustics is the study of how sound is produced, controlled, transmit

18、ted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics the physics of animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics.Optic

19、s, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of e

20、nergy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discove

21、red in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at rest.Modern PhysicsClassical

22、 physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on the very large or very small scale. For example, atomic and nuclear physics studies matter on the

23、 smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified. The physics of elementary particles is on an even smaller scale, as it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produ

24、ce many types of particles in large particle accelerators. On this scale, ordinary, commonsense notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classi

25、cal physics.Quantum theory is concerned with the discrete, rather than continuous, nature of many phenomena at the atomic and subatomic level, and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena. The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of

26、 phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with relative uniform motion in a straight line and the general theory of relativity with accelerated motion and its connection with gravitation. Both quant

27、um theory and the theory of relativity find applications in all areas of modern physics.Difference between classical and modern physicsWhile physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately desc

28、ribe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions. Albert Einstein【阿尔伯特爱因斯坦】 contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notio

29、ns of absolute time and space with space-time and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light. Max Planck【普朗克】, Erwin Schrdinger【薛定谔】, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed

30、 an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales. Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity. General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved space-time, with which highly massive systems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described.

31、 General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.Research fieldsContemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; partic

32、le physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support research in Physics education.Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. Universal

33、ists such as Albert Einstein (18791955) and Lev Landau (19081968)【列夫朗道】, who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.Condensed matter physicsCondensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned

34、with the condensed phases that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between them are strong.The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the electromagnetic force between atoms. Mo

35、re exotic condensed phases include the super-fluid and the BoseEinstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials, and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices

36、.Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics. Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term condensed matter physics was apparently coined by Philip Anderson when he renamed his res

37、earch grouppreviously solid-state theoryin 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics. Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.Atomi

38、c, molecular and optical physics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of mattermatter and lightmatter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules. The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the common

39、ality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activ

40、ities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus (see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as fission and fusion

41、 are considered part of high-energy physics.Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light. Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects,

42、but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.High-energy physics (particle physics) and nuclear physicsParticle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them. In addition,

43、 particle physicists design and develop the high energy accelerators, detectors, and computer programs necessary for this research. The field is also called high-energy physics because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high-energy collisions of other parti

44、cles.Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and fields are described by the Standard Model. l The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) that interact via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces. l Dynamics are described in terms of mat

45、ter particles exchanging gauge bosons (gluons, W and Z bosons, and photons, respectively). l The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2021 CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.Nu

46、clear Physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuc

47、lear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.Astrophysics and Physical CosmologyAstrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stell

48、ar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science