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1、最新初中英语单词用法大全(附错误辨析)Aa / anart.英语不定冠词(a/an)的用法较复杂,以下几点须注意:1.用a还是an:一般说来,辅音或半元音j, w开头的词要前用a。如:He has a computer (watch).他有一台电脑(一块手表)。Hes a university student (European).他是大学生(欧洲人)。元音开头的词前要用an。如:This is an egg (honest boy).这是一只鸡蛋(老实的男孩)。注意,有的字母(如a, e, f, h, i等)或缩略词,假设第一个音是元音也应用an。如:He missed an “n in t
2、he word.他写的这个单词漏了一个n。2.不要从汉语习惯出发,漏掉必用的a/an。如:他父亲是著名诗人。误:His father is famous poet.正:His father is a famous poet.3.用于转化为普通名词的专有名词前,表示某某人或某某人的一部作品、艺术品等。如:A Mr Smith wants to see you.一位叫史密斯先生的人想见你。He bought a complete Lu Hsun.他买了一套鲁迅全集。4.用于转化为普通名词的物质名词前,表示相应的产品或种类,有时表示数量关系。如:Its a good wine.这是(一种)好酒。Tw
3、o coffees and a tea, please.请来两杯咖啡和一杯茶。5.用于具体化的抽象名词前,表示与该抽象名词意义相关的人或事等。如:The party was a great success.晚会开得非常成功。Its a pleasure to talk with you.同你谈话是件愉快的事。6.用于某些由动词转化来或具有动作意味的名词前,表示一次、一番等意义。如:Let me have a look.让我看看吧。Ill give the car a good wash.我要把车好好洗一洗。7.用于序数词前表示数量或序数的增加。如:He bought a second comp
4、uter.他又买了一台(即第二台)电脑。Later she borne a third son.后来她又生了第三个儿子。8.有的不可数名词或本来应该带定冠词(the)的名词,由于受定语(尤其是形容词)的修饰,其前一般要用不定冠词或改用不定冠词,表示某种状态,此时的不定冠词通常含有a kind of的意思。如:have breakfast吃早餐have a quick breakfast吃快餐the world世界a world like ours像我们这样的世界注:有些不可数名词即使受形容词的修饰也不能用不定冠词,容易弄错的有:news(消息),advice(忠告),luck(运气),fort
5、une(运气),work(工作),fun(娱乐,有趣的事),weather(天气),homework(家庭作业),housework(家务活),information(情报),behavior(行为),harm(伤害),damage(损害),progress(进步),furniture (家具),baggage(行李),luggage(行李),poetry(诗),scenery(风景)等。9.两个单数可数名词连用表示一个整体时,只用一个不定冠词。如:He is a teacher and poet.他既是教师又是诗人。Theres a horse and cart on the road.路上
6、有一辆马车。10.不定冠词可用来表示“类属,这是其根本用法,它说明的是某一类属中的每一个人和东西都能说明该类属的整体情况(有类似汉语的“举一反三或“以此类推的含义)。此时也可用定冠词或名词复数形式来表示。如:马是有用的动物。正:A horse is a useful animal.正:The horse is a useful animal.正:Horses are useful animals.假设不是说明每一个人和东西的情况,而是说整个类属,那么不能用不定冠词,而要用定冠词:The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.老虎面临绝种的危险。 误 I
7、think it is an useful English dictionary.正 I think it is a useful English dictionary.析 在不定冠词 a 与 an 的用法中要注意的一点是:an 用在以元音开头的词之前;而 a 那么用在以辅音开头的词之前。要特别注意的是以 u 字母打头的单词,如 useful,university 等,其第一个音标是j,所以要特别予以注意。误 I need a hour to finish this letter.正 I need an hour to finish this letter.析 要注意 hour 和 hones
8、t 的第一个字母不发音。误 My teacher is a unknown man, but he is a very good man.正 My teacher is an unknown man, but he is a very good man.析 要注意以 u 打头的单词,它的发音为时,单数名词前要用 an,如 uncle 等。误 There is a“fin the word“football.正 There is an“fin the word“football.析 英文字母单独使用时,如其第一个发音是元音时,其前面的不定冠词应该用 an 而不是 a.误 I have a lit
9、tle brother. He is a 8 year old boy.正 I have a little brother. He is an 8 year old boy.析 要注意这些字母的第一个发音为元音,如 eight, eleven 等。abilityn.1.表示“能力、“能够,多为不可数名词;表示“才能、“才干,多用复数形式。如:He is a man of ability.他是位有能力的人。He is a man of many abilities.他是位多才多艺的人。2.表示有能力做某事或具有做某事的能力等,其后通常要接不定式。如:He has the ability to s
10、peak English fluently.他能流利地说英语。The ability to be clearly heard is extremely important for newsreaders.声音宏亮清晰对新闻播送员来说极为重要。但在现代英语中,也可后接of doing sth(不如接不定式普遍,建议初学者谨用)。如:I admire his ability of doing the work quickly.我羡慕他工作做得快。3.ability的反义词是inability,不是disabilityinability表示没有能力或没有才能,而disability那么指因先天缺陷或
11、受伤变残而导致的无能。如:Physical disability causes mental anguish.生理伤残会引起心理苦闷。His inability to speak French puts him at a disadvantage.他不会说法语,这使他很吃亏。ableadj.1.表示“有能力的、“能干的,可用作表语或定语。如:He is an able manager.他是位有能力的经理。He is old but still able.他虽年老,但仍有很能干。2.用于be able to do sth(能或会做做某事)。如:He is able to speak Englis
12、h.他会说英语。Everyone here is able to type.这儿的每一个人都会打字。He will be able to get about in a week or two.再过一两个星期左右他就能走动了。He studied hard and was able to pass his examinations.他学习很努力,所以考试及了格。注:be able to不仅有多种时态形式(通常不用于进展时或与be going to连用),而且还可以与某些情态动词连用(通常不与can连用),甚至还可以有非谓语形式。如:Since his accident he hasnt been
13、 able to leave the house.自出事之后,他一直未能离开家。You might be able to persuade him.你也许能够说服他。I hope to be able to do the work.我希望能干得了这项工作。I regret not being able to help her.我很遗憾未能帮助她。3.able的比拟级和最高级通常是abler和ablest,也可以是more able和most able,有时还可用better able和best able。如:You are better able to do it than I (am).你比
14、我更有能力做这件事。Shes the person best able to cope.她是个最能妥善处理问题的人。4.假设要加强语气,其前除可very, quite, perfectly等修饰外,有时还可用well修饰。如:He is quite well able to take care of himself.他完全有能力照顾自己。Hes a very able student; hes just too lazy.他是个很有能力的学生,只是太懒了。假设受just, only just修饰,那么表示“只能“仅能。如:I was just able to make out a dark f
15、igure in the distance.我只能看见远处有个黑影。5.able的反义词是unable(不能的,不会的),不是disable,后者是动词,其意为“使残废“使无能力。比拟:They were unable to reach a decision.他们没法做出决定。Now that he was disabled, his house had become a prison to him.因为他残废了,他的房子就成了他的牢笼。 误 This bike is able to be repaired.正 This bike can be repaired.析 be able to 主
16、要表达某事或某人具有某种能力去作某事,应译为“有本领、“有能力、“可以作某事, 如:Im able to swim across this river. 而 can 可以用来表示具有承受能力或吸收能力。 如:This radio can be repaired here.about prep.& adv.1.表示“大约,通常用于数字前。如:He arrived at about 10 oclock.他大约10点钟到达。2.在动词know, hear, speak等之后用不用介词about,含义有差异。如:I have heard about him, but I dont know him.我
17、听到过一些关于他的事,但不认识他这个人。Ive heard of him, but I dont know about him.我听说过他,但我不知道有关他的情况。试比拟:He knows her.他认识她。He knows of her.他知道有她这样一个人。He knows about her.他知道有关她的情况。3.be about to (do),意为“即将、“马上。注意该短语不与具体的时间状语(如:soon, tomorrow, immediately等)连用。如:We are about to leave forBeijing.我们正要动身去北京。不说:He is about to
18、 leave here tomorrow.注意该短语可与并列连词when(这时)连用。如:I was (just) about to go to bed when the telephone rang.我正要上床睡觉,这时 铃突然响了起来。在美国英语中,be about to do sth的否认式,可表示“不愿意做某事。如:I am not about to admit defeat.我还不想认输。4.about和on均可表示“关于,但about主要指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事,其谈论的内容也较为普通;而on那么指比拟有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事,其论述的内容较正式或较严肃。比拟:He wro
19、te on mathematics.他撰写数学著作。He wrote about the school.他报道有关这所学校的情况。It is a book on birds.那是一本论及鸟类的书。(可能是一本学术著作)It is a book about birds.那是一本关于鸟的书。(可能是一本供小孩看的关于鸟类的故事书)5.注意不要按汉语意思,在一些及物动词后误加介词about,而在一些不及物动词后该加about时却漏加。如:他没什么不满吧?误:He has nothing to complain, does he正:He has nothing to complain about, d
20、oes he析:表示抱怨某事时,complain不及物,其后需接介词about或of再带名词或代词作宾语。(本句中about的逻辑宾语是nothing)我们会尽快讨论此事的。误:Well discuss about it as soon as possible.正:Well discuss it as soon as possible.析:discuss(讨论)为及物动词,后接宾语时,无需用介词。类似地,英语说consider sth,而不说consider about sth;可说doubt sth,而不说doubt about sth;可说explain sth,而不说explain ab
21、out sth;可说report sth,而不说report about sth;等等。误 This class is about to begin just now.正 This class is about to begin.析 要注意 be about to 是“将要的意思,含有将来时之意,不要与表示过去时的时间状语连用。另外,be about to 一般用作书面语,对应的口语是 be going to.about, onabout 与 on 都可以作关于讲,但却有所不同,例如:This book is about physics. 应译为“这是一本关于物理学的科普读物。而:This b
22、ook is on physics. 那么应译为“这是一本物理学方面的专著。above prep.1.表示“在上方、“高于(与below相对)。如:The sun rose above the horizon.太阳已升到地平线以上。The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上飞行。参见above与over的有关用法及区别。2.表示在地位、级别、能力、资历、重要性等方面“超过、“在之上、“比强。如:He is above the others in ability.他的能力优于其他人。He is above me in every way.他各个方面都比我强。As
23、 a scholar, he is far above me.作为一个学者,他远远超过了我。3.表示在程度或限度等方面“超过、“超越等,这类短语通常用作表语。如:The book is above me (my understanding).这本书我读不懂。The lecture was above the heads of most of the audience.大局部听众听不懂这个演讲。His heroism was above (beyond) all praise.他的英勇行为非言辞所能赞扬。注:以上用法中的above有时可用beyond代之,尤其是其后接的是人称代词或人名时。如:T
24、he problem is above (beyond) me.这个问题我不懂。4.表示因优秀或出色等而“不致于、“不屑于、“不会等,主要指道德方面,在句中主要用作表语:She is above telling a lie.她不致于说谎。He is above doing such things.他不致于做出那样的事来。He is above meanness and deceit.他不致于做出卑劣和欺骗的事情来。If you want to learn, you must not be above asking questions.你如果要学习,就要不耻下问。误 The temperatur
25、e is five degrees over zero.正 The temperature is five degrees above zero.析 表 达“在上方时,above 与 over 是可以互换的,如:The sky is above(or over)our heads. 但是要表 达在垂直方向上的上方时那么应用 above 不可用 over, 如:The sun has risen above the horizon.误 There is often thick cloud above the South of China in summer.正 There is often th
26、ick cloud over the South of China in summer.析 当表达覆盖之意时,只可用 over 而不能用 above.误 There is a bridge above the river.正 There is a bridge over the river.析 用来表达“从上方越过时不能用 above 只能用 over,如:The plane flew over the city. 但要注意 There is waterfall above the bridge. 那么应译为“在桥的上游有一个瀑布。above&overprep. & adv.1.两者均可用的场
27、合:(1)当表示垂直在上的正上方时,两者均可用。如:A lamp was hanging over above the table.电灯悬挂在桌子上方。Wild geese were flying above over the lake.野雁在湖上飞翔。(2)当用作副词且与and, or连用,表示“以上时,两者均可用。如:You get an A grade for scores of 75 and over above. 75分或75分以上的分数就是优等。2.通常用above的场合(1)当不是表示垂直在上的上方时,通常用above。如:Weve got a little house abov
28、e the lake.我们在湖边高坡上有一所小房子。(2)当表示温度、高度以及有纵向可比标准时,通常用above。如:Todays temperature is 10 degrees above zero.今天气温是零上10度。The town is 2,000 feet above sea level.这座城市海拔2,000英尺。3.通常用over的场合(1)表示覆盖意义时,通常用over。如:Spread a cloth over the table.在桌上铺一块桌布。(2)表示横过或越过时,通常用over。此时也可用across。如:There is a bridge over the
29、river.河上有一座桥。The terrorists escaped across over the border.恐惧分子越过边境逃走了。(3)当表示数量的“多于,含有类似more than的意思时,原来可用over,也可用above。但在现代英语中,通常只用over。如:The blue whale grows to over 30 metres long.蓝鲸可长到三十多米长。(4)涉及速度时,假设要表示“高于“多于,通常用介词over。如:At the time he was diving at over100 mph.这时他的车速为每小时一百多英里。(5)涉及年龄时,假设要表示“高
30、于“多于,通常用介词over。此时也可用past。如:She didnt marry until she was over fifty.她直到五十多岁才结婚。I dont know how old he is, but he looks well over past forty.我不知道他多少岁,但是他看上去有四十多岁了。注:有时也可用above,尤其是与the age of连用时。如:We cannot accept children above over the age of 10.我们不能承受10岁以上的儿童。4.see above与see over在书或文章中,see above的意思
31、是“见前文“见上文,see over的意思是“见下一页,两者意思几乎相反,注意不要弄混。如:See above, page 97见前文,第97页。See over for further information.详情请见下一页。5.over and aboveover and above为习语,意为“此外“另外,与in addition to同义。如:There are other factors over and above those we have discussed.除了我们所讨论的之外,还有其他因素。abroadadv.1.表示“在国外、“到国外等,是副词,不是名词,因此不能与in,
32、 to, at等介词连用;其前也不用冠词。如:He has gone abroad with his wife.他已与他妻子出国了。His son was living abroad.他儿子当时住在国外。不能说:go to (the) abroad / live in (the) abroad注意:abroad之前虽不能用in, to之类的介词,但是却可以用介词from。如:He just came back from abroad.他刚从国外回来。汉语中的“国内外,说成英语是at home and abroad。如:He is famous at home and abroad.他闻名国内外
33、。2.由于是副词,不是形容词,所以不能用于名词前作定语。但是,假设语义需要,它可置于名词后作定语。如:My first journey abroad is something I shall never forget.我第一次出国旅行的情景是我永远不会忘记的。She used to be terribly shy, but a year abroad has completely transformed her.她过去十分腼腆,但在国外呆了一年以后完全变了。比拟下面两句abroad与from abroad用作后置定语的区别:Investments abroad set another reco
34、rd last year.向国外的投资去年又创新经录。Investments from abroad set another record last year.来自国外的投资去年又创新经录。absentadj./v.1.用作形容词,意为“缺席的。要表示“做某事缺席,其后常接介词from。如:Some students were absent from class.有些学生上课缺席。They were absent from work that day.他们那天都没有上班。有时根据不同的语境,也可能使用不同的介词。如:Hes absent inBeijing.他外出了,现在北京。用作形容词,有时
35、表示“心不在焉、“茫然的等,通常只用作定语。如:He had an absent look on his face.他脸上露出茫然的神色。absent-minded意为“心不在焉的、“健忘的(可用作表语或定语)。如:He is always absent-minded.他老是心不在焉。2. 用作动词(及物),意为“缺席,常接反身代词作宾语。表示“做某事缺席,其后也接介词from。如:He absented himself from the meeting.他开会缺席。He absented himself from class.他旷课。另外注意,absent用作形容词和动词时,重音位置不同。a
36、cceptv.表示“承受,可及物或不及物。如:She offered him a lift and he accepted (it).她请他坐她的车,他就领情了。I havent received his letter for a long time.我很久没有收到他的来信了。注:accept与receive不同,后者“收到、“接到。如:She received his present, but she didnt accept it.她收到了他的礼物,但是没有承受。2.可接名词或代词作宾语,但一般不接不定式。如:He asked her to marry him and she accept
37、ed him.他向她求婚,她同意了。注意:不说she accepted to marry him.accidentn.1.主要表示偶然发生的意外事件或意外事故。如:Im sorry I broke the glass. It was an accident.我很抱歉打破了玻璃杯,这完全是无意的。About ten people were killed in the car accident.在这次车祸中大约有10个人丧生。2.用于by accident(偶然地)。如:I only found it by accident.我只是碰巧找到它的。according toprep.1.主要用来表示“
38、根据某学说、某书刊、某文件、某人所说等或表示“按照某法律、某规定、某惯例、某情况等。如:According to the radio, it will rain tomorrow.据电台播送,明天有雨。Each man will be paid according to his ability.每个人将根据他的能力获得报酬。2.according to表示“根据,通常是指根据别人或别处,而不能根据自己,所以其后不能接表示第一人称的代词(如me, us),同时也很少接表示第二人称的代词(you),但用于第三人称(如him, her, Jim, Mary, the doctor等)那么属正常用法。
39、如:误:According to me, the film is wonderful.正:In my opinion, the film is wonderful.依我看,这部电影很不错。另外注意:according to后也不接view(看法)和opinion(意见)这类词表示看法的词。如:误:According to my opinion, he did it very well.正:In my opinion, he did it very well.在我看来,他干得很不错。achev.&n.1.用作动词,通常不及物。如:My tooth ache.我的牙痛。Im aching all
40、over.我全身都痛。2.用作名词,通常可数。如:I have an ache in my stomach.我胃痛。His body was all aches and pains.他浑身疼痛。注:用作名词的ache通常用于复合词中。如:headache(头痛),toothache(牙痛),stomachache(胃痛),backache(背痛),earache(耳痛)等。在这些带有-ache的复合词中,headache是一个规那么的可数名词(可与不定冠词连用,也可有复数形式),而其它的词那么用作可数或不可数名均可(在美国英语中通常用作可数名词)。如:Ive got a headache.我头
41、痛。He often gets stomachache(s).他经常肚子痛。acrossprep.&adv.1.用作介词或副词,注意以下用法:(1)表示动态意义,意为“横过、“到的另一边。如:I cam swim across the river in 10 minutes.我可以在十分钟之内游过河去。(介词用法)Can you swim across你能游过去吗 (副词用法)(2)表示静态意义,意为“在的另一边。如:My house is just across the street.我家就在街道对面。(介词用法)We leaveDoverat ten and we should be ac
42、ross in France by midnight.我们十点钟离开多佛,午夜时应能抵达法国那边。(副词用法)有可与介词from连用,表示“从的另一边。如:He shouted to me from across the room.他从房间的另一边向我喊。(3)表示“穿插(介词用法)或“从一边到另一边的宽度(副词用法)。如:He sat there with his arms across his chest.他坐在那儿,两臂穿插放在胸前。(介词用法)The river is half a mile across.这条河半英里宽。(副词用法)2.不要将across误用作动词。如:不能说:The
43、 river is too deep and we cant across.可改为:The river is too deep and we cant cross.河水太深,我们过不了。3.用于come run across,意为“偶然遇见、“意外发现(不用于被动式)。如:Where did you come run across her你在那儿碰到她的Ive just come across a beautiful poem in this book.我在这本书里偶然发现一首优美的诗。误 He ran across the wood.正 He ran through the wood.析 a
44、cross 是指某一动作在一平面内进展,而 through 那么是指该动作在一三维立体空间的运动过程。如:The man came in through the window. He walked across the square.across 的主要用法有两个。其一,意为“对面,如:There is a school just across the street. 其二,意为“横过,如:He walked across the street.addressn.&v.1.用作名词,意为“地址。汉语中的“你住在哪在英语中不能直译为:Where is your address因为此句的实际意思是
45、“你的地址放在哪里(即写有你的地址的纸条放在哪儿了)要表示“你住在哪一般说:Where do you live也可以说成Whats your address2.用作动词,注意以下用法:(1)表示“写地址或“写信给。如:Please address these letters.请把这些信写上地址。The card was wrongly addressed to our old home.那张明信片误写了我们的旧地址。(2)表示“向讲话(及物),属正式用法。如:The mayor addressed the crowd.市长向群众讲话。Address your remarks to me, please.请把你的意见向我说吧。(3)用于address oneself to,意为“着手、“致力于。如:She addressed herself to the main difficulty.他致力地解决主要困难。admirev.1.通常只作及物动词,通常用于admire (sb for) sth,意为“因为而钦佩或赞美某人。如:We admired (him for) his honesty.人们赞美他的老实。
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