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1、10 种抗厌氧菌药物用法大盘点2016-02-06豆豆感染时间厌氧菌的感染常为内源性的,皮肤、粘膜屏障功能减退及菌群移位是造成多数厌氧菌感染的重要机理,厌氧菌可引起任何部位和脏器的感染。临床常见引起感染的厌氧菌为消化链球菌、脆弱拟杆菌、梭菌属(艰难梭菌等)、产黑色素类杆菌,这四类病原菌约占临床感染的 2/3。现小结常用抗厌氧菌药物的作用特点及临床应用。硝基咪唑类常用品种:有甲硝唑、替硝唑和奥硝唑。硝基咪唑类是目前疗效最好的抗厌氧菌药物,对大多数厌氧菌具杀菌作用,能够覆盖大多数厌氧球菌、类杆菌、梭杆菌。该类药物组织分布浓度高,器官、体液中均可达有效浓度,能通过血脑屏障。毒性低,对正常菌群影响小。
2、其中甲硝唑价格低,代谢物也有抗菌作用,耐药株很少,适用于各种厌氧菌感染;替硝唑对血脑屏障的穿透性较甲硝唑还要高,这与替硝唑的脂溶性较高有关;奥硝唑的致畸作用低于甲硝唑与替硝唑。用药方法:甲硝唑成人常规静脉剂量,0.5 g,Q12 H 或 Q8 H;口服剂量为 0.2-0.4 g,tid。值得注意的是甲硝唑为浓度依赖性抗生素,但因其蛋白结合率低,仍需 Q12 h 或者 Q8 h 给药,这与其他浓度依赖性药物不同。碳青霉烯类常用品种:亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南等。超广谱抗生素,能够覆盖革兰阳性、革兰阴性、厌氧菌等,对常见的厌氧菌都有作用。适用于治疗由敏感的需氧菌/厌氧菌株引起的混合感染,这些混合
3、感染主要与粪便、阴道、皮肤及口腔的菌株污染有关。多重耐药的革兰阴性菌、混合菌所致严重院内感染也有效。用药方法:亚胺培南成人常规剂量,0.5 g,Q6 H,静脉滴注。需按照病原菌的敏感性、患者的肾功能和体重调整每日总剂量,将一天的总剂量等量分次给予患者。危重症患者延长输注时间。-内酰胺类及其酶抑制剂类常用品种:青霉素、阿莫西林、哌拉西林他唑巴坦等。-内酰胺类是最早并至今仍广泛应用于临床的低毒高效天然抗生素。产气荚膜梭菌、破伤风梭菌等皆对青霉素敏感,对于粗大杆菌引起的气性坏疽,青霉素是首选治疗药物。加酶的复方制剂对产-内酰胺酶的耐药菌发挥重要的作用。这类药物副作用小,临床安全性高。用药方法:哌拉西
4、林他唑巴坦成人常规剂量,4.5 g,Q8 H,给药时间应在 30 min 以上。肾功能不全患者需按肌酐清除率调整剂量。林可酰胺类常用品种:林可霉素和克林霉素。对大多数革兰阳性菌及各种厌氧菌具良好的抗菌作用,最重要的特点是在骨、骨髓中浓度高。但需注意该类药物对艰难梭菌耐药,且容易引起艰难梭菌肠炎。用药方法:克林霉素可深部肌肉注射或静脉滴注给药,常规剂量为 0.6-1.2 g/日,分 2 次等剂量使用。静脉滴注时药液浓度不得高于 6 mg/ml。连续使用一般不超过 7-10 天。喹诺酮类药物常用品种:莫西沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星。环丙沙星、氧氟沙星等对厌氧菌有一定的作用,但强度低,无特殊性。只有
5、4 代喹诺酮对厌氧菌有强大的活性,临床常用的为莫西沙星。莫西沙星对脆弱拟杆菌具有较高的抗菌作用,在合并感染时可不加用抗厌氧菌的药物。用药方法:莫西沙星推荐剂量为一次 0.4 g,一日一次,静脉给药的输液时间应大于 60 分钟。肝肾功能受损的患者不需要调整剂量,18 岁以下患者禁用。头孢菌素类及头霉素类大多数头孢菌素类药物对厌氧菌的作用比青霉素弱,其中某些三代头孢,如头孢哌酮对一些厌氧菌有中度活性,与其他抗厌氧菌药物相比并无特殊优点。头霉素类相当于二三代头孢,在抗厌氧菌方面并无特异性。万古霉素文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS
6、1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10
7、N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ1
8、0S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS
9、1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10
10、N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ1
11、0S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS
12、1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10
13、N9S1S6V9为糖肽类抗菌药物,主要用于革兰阳性球菌感染,对革兰阳性的厌氧菌也有很好的抗菌活性。用药方法:口服适用于甲硝唑治疗无效的艰难梭菌肠炎:125 mg,Q6 H,po;目前无口服剂型,一般万古霉素粉针剂加无菌水调制后口服。四环素类对部分厌氧菌具有一定抗菌作用,但远不如甲硝唑、克林霉素等,因此临床上往往并不首选。像多西环素可用于对青霉素类过敏患者的破伤风、气性坏疽的感染。大环内酯类对厌氧菌的作用一般,无特殊优点。氨基糖苷类一般不用于抗厌氧菌治疗。总结来讲,抗厌氧菌活性较强的为硝基咪唑类、碳青霉烯类、-内酰胺类加酶抑制剂类;中等强度的有头霉素、林可酰胺类、广谱青霉素类;剩余的几种药物发挥
14、抗厌氧菌作用强度较弱,仅利用其特有的活性,如万古霉素用于甲硝唑无效的艰难梭菌所致的伪膜性肠炎等。表 1.几种常用抗厌氧菌药物的强度比较文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1
15、B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N
16、9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10
17、S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1
18、B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N
19、9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10
20、S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1
21、B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9(注:专业文档是经验性极强的领域,无法思考和涵盖全面,素材和资料部分来自网络,供参考。可复制、编制,期待你的好评与关注)文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10
22、S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1
23、B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N
24、9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10
25、S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1
26、B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N
27、9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9文档编码:CS1B8T10H5S10 HQ10S7P2R10A9 ZU10N9S1S6V9
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