研英语一试题及答案解析(1).doc

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1、年世界硕士研究生招生检验英语一试题SectionU搜寻引擎优化fEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphys

2、icalfitness.Laughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,3heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.6,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplis

3、hesthe7.Studiesdatingbacktothe1930sindicatethatlaughter8muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividualsemotionalstate.11on

4、eclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialps

5、ychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofWurzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeththerebycreatinganartificialsmileorwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles18moreenthusiasticallytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafro

6、wn,19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.20,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.1.AamongBexceptCdespiteDlike2.AreflectBdemandCindicateDproduce3.AstabilizingBboostingCimpairingDdetermining4.AtransmitBsustainCevaluateDobserve5.AmeasurableBmanageableCaffordableDrenew

7、able6.AInturnBInfactCInadditionDInbrief7.AoppositeBimpossibleCaverageDexpected8.AhardensBweakensCtightensDrelaxes9.AaggravateBgenerateCmoderateDenhance10.AphysicalBmentalCsubconsciousDinternal11.AExceptforBAccordingtoCDuetoDAsfor12.AwithBonCinDat13.AunlessBuntilCifDbecause14.AexhaustsBfollowsCpreced

8、esDsuppresses15.AintoBfromCtowardsDbeyond16.AfetchBbiteCpickDhold17.AdisappointedBexcitedCjoyfulDindifferent18.AadaptedBcateredCturnedDreacted19.AsuggestingBrequiringCmentioningDsupposing20.AEventuallyBConsequentlyCSimilarlyDConverselySectionReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourte

9、xts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorabl

10、e,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbertsappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidab

11、leconductorabouthim.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevari

12、etyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissing

13、thepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchh

14、igherinartisticqualitythantodaysliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumedatatimeandplaceofthelistenerschoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusic

15、thatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbertsowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestrasrepertoirewillnotb

16、eenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmericasoldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.21.WelearnfromParagraph1thatGilbertsappointmenthasAincurredcriticism.Braisedsuspicion.Creceivedacclaim.Darousedcuriosity.22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanart

17、istwhoisAinfluential.Bmodest.Crespectable.Dtalented.23.TheauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoersAignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.Brejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.Cexaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.Doverestimatethevalueofliveperformances.24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistru

18、eofrecordings?ATheyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.BTheyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.CTheyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.DTheyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.25.RegardingGilbertsroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeelsAdoubtful.Benthusiastic.Cconfident.Dpuzzled.Text2WhenLiamMcGeed

19、epartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewithth

20、eboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisntalone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExp

21、ressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodontgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecover

22、ybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetter

23、oneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey,“IcantthinkofasinglesearchIvedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaventalwaysland

24、edintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssa

25、ytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.“Thetraditionalrulewasitssafertostaywhereyouare,butthatsbeenfundamentallyinverted,saysoneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewhovebeenhurttheworstarethosewhovestayedtoolong.26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdepar

26、ture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeingAarrogant.Bfrank.Cself-centered.Dimpulsive.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutivesquittingmaybespurredbyAtheirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.Btheirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.Ctheirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.Dtheirpursuitofnewcareergoals.28.Thewor

27、d“poachedPara.4mostprobablymeansAapprovedof.Battendedto.Chuntedfor.Dguardedagainst.29.ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatAtopperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.Bloyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.Ctopperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.Ditssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.30.Whichofthefollo

28、wingisthebesttitleforthetext?ACEOs:WheretoGo?BCEOs:AlltheWayUp?CTopManagersJumpwithoutaNetDTheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paidmediasuchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisementsstillplayamajorrole,compani

29、estodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earnedmediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage“ownedmediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisio

30、nsmeansthatmarketingsimpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusersresponses.Butinsomecases,onemarketersownedmediabecomeanothermarketerspaidmediaforinstance,whenan

31、e-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwilln

32、odoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanie

33、smarketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmoreandmorediversecommunicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaar

34、etheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsum

35、erswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompanysresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell

36、-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.31.Consumersmaycreate“earnedmediawhentheyareAobsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.Binspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.Ceagertohelptheirfriendsprom

37、otequalityproducts.Denthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeatureAasafebusinessenvironment.Brandomcompetition.Cstrongusertraffic.Dflexibilityinorganization.33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediaAinviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.B

38、canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.Cmayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.Ddeserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.34.ToyotaMotorsexperienceiscitedasanexampleofArespondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.Bpersuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.Ccooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.Dtakingadvanta

39、geofhijackedmedia.35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?AAlternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.BConflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.CDominanceofhijackedmedia.DPopularityofownedmedia.Text4ItsnosurprisethatJenniferSeniorsinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,isarou

40、singmuchchatternothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment

41、-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.Themagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebaby

42、ishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.TherearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptiveandnewlysinglemomSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“JenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratespro

43、creation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesntseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildless.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldnthavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessa

44、gethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtosevera

45、lstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“ownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake.Itshardtoimaginethatmanypeoplear

46、edumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butitsinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodarentinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienc

47、e,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbringAtemporarydelight.Benjoymentinprogress.Chappinessinretrospect.Dlastingreward.37.WelearnfromParagraph2thatAcelebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.Bsinglemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.Cnewsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.Dhavingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythe